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Postponed N application optimizes interspecific interactions and enhances N use efficiency in wheat-maize intercropping systems in an oasis irrigation region

YAN Zhe-Lin,REN Qiang,FAN Zhi-Long,YIN Wen,SUN Ya-Li,FAN Hong,HE Wei,HU Fa-Long*,YAN Li-Juan*,CHAI Qiang   

  1. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University / Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2025-01-09 Revised:2025-04-25 Accepted:2025-04-25 Published:2025-05-13
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32201925, U21A20218), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD1900200), the “Double First-Class” Key Scientific Research Project of Education Department in Gansu Province (GSSYLXM-02), and the Fuxi Young Talents Fund of Gansu Agricultural University (Gaufx-05Y09).

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Abstract:

In response to the substantial nitrogen fertilizer loss in oasis irrigation areas—which poses a challenge to sustainable crop production—this study investigates the effects of delayed nitrogen application on interspecific interactions within wheat–maize intercropping systems. The goal is to provide a theoretical foundation and technical guidance for improving nitrogen fertilizer management efficiency in such systems. Field experiments were conducted from 2022 to 2023 at the Oasis Agricultural Comprehensive Experimental Station of Gansu Agricultural University, using a randomized block design with three planting patterns: wheat–maize intercropping, monoculture wheat, and monoculture maize. Three nitrogen application schedules were tested: 0% postponement (traditional application, N1), 10% postponement (N2), and 20% postponement (N3). The study examined how different planting systems and nitrogen postponement levels influence interspecific interactions and nitrogen use efficiency in wheat and maize. Results showed that combining wheat–maize intercropping with delayed nitrogen application enhanced wheat’s competitive ability during the symbiotic growth phase. Specifically, wheat's competitive advantage increased by 3.4% with a 10% delay and by 8.13% with a 20% delay, both compared to the traditional application. Moreover, the 20% delay led to a 5.0% increase in competitive ability compared to the 10% delay. Delayed nitrogen application also improved the recovery effect of intercropped maize, with increases of 11.3% and 20.5% under 10% and 20% delays, respectively, compared to the traditional method. The 20% delay further improved maize recovery by 11.5% relative to the 10% delay. Intercropping increased grain yield by 23.8% to 28.7% compared to the weighted average of monoculture yields, highlighting a clear intercropping advantage. Additionally, a 20% delay in nitrogen application raised grain yield by 22.7% compared to traditional application. Under intercropping, nitrogen use efficiency improved by 4.2% to 26.4%, and nitrogen partial factor productivity increased by 21.4% to 30.8%, both compared to the weighted averages of monocropping. Furthermore, nitrogen use efficiency with a 20% delay improved by 31.5% over the 10% delay and by 10.0% over the traditional approach, while partial factor productivity increased by 12.7% and 23.3%, respectively. These findings suggest that intercropping wheat with maize combined with a 20% delayed nitrogen application optimizes interspecific interactions, enhances crop yield, and improves nitrogen use efficiency. This approach represents a promising cultivation and fertilization strategy for sustainable wheat and maize production in oasis irrigation regions.

Key words: N fertilizer postponing application, wheat-maize intercropping, interspecific competition, recovery effect, nitrogen use efficiency

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