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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (12): 3129-3143.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.41026

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Compensation mechanism of green manure on grain yield and nitrogen uptake of wheat with reduced nitrogen supply

WEI Jin-Gui(), MAO Shou-Fa, JIANG Yu-Xin, FAN Zhi-Long, HU Fa-Long, CHAI Qiang(), YIN Wen()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science / College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2024-03-27 Accepted:2024-06-20 Online:2024-12-12 Published:2024-07-08
  • Contact: *E-mail: chaiq@gsau.edu.cn; E-mail: yinwen@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20218);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372238);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-22-G-12);Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(23JRRA704);Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(23JRRA1407);Fostering Foundation for the Excellent Ph.D. Dissertation of Gansu Agricultural University(YB2024002)

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Abstract:

Long-term continuous cropping, excessive nitrogen input, and low nitrogen use efficiency are prevalent issues in wheat production in the Northwest Oasis irrigation area. This study examined the compensatory mechanism on grain yield and nitrogen utilization by reducing nitrogen input in wheat and multi-cropping of green manure after wheat harvest. The goal was to provide a theoretical basis for developing efficient wheat production technologies with reduced nitrogen input. This long-term field experiment, initiated in 2018, collected data from 2020 to 2022. The main plot included four green manures: multi-cropped common vetch mixed with hairy vetch (HCV), common vetch (CV), rapeseed (R), and fallow (F) after the previous wheat harvest. Subplots applied three nitrogen rates: the local conventional rate (N3, 180 kg hm-2), reduced by 20% (N2, 144 kg hm-2), and reduced by 40% (N1, 108 kg hm-2). Our results indicated that reducing conventional nitrogen by 20% and 40% significantly decreased both grain yield and nitrogen uptake. However, multi-cropped hairy vetch mixed with common vetch after wheat harvest could compensate for the yield and nitrogen uptake losses caused by a 40% nitrogen reduction. When combined with a 20% nitrogen reduction, grain yield and nitrogen uptake increased by 21.4% and 6.9%, respectively (P < 0.05). Additionally, this cropping pattern compensated for the decreased nitrogen use efficiency resulting from a 40% nitrogen reduction and, when combined with a 20% nitrogen reduction, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency by 13.4% (P < 0.05). The compensation mechanism was attributed to: (1) Under a 40% nitrogen reduction, multi-cropped hairy vetch mixed with common vetch compensated for nitrogen uptake rate, increased net nitrogen assimilation rate by 34.3% (P < 0.05), maintained nitrogen distribution in the ear, and enhanced the nitrogen transportation rate from the stem by 6.6% (P < 0.05). (2) Compared with fallow after wheat harvest and the conventional nitrogen application rate, multi-cropped hairy vetch mixed with common vetch under a 20% nitrogen reduction increased mean nitrogen uptake efficiency and net nitrogen assimilation rate by 7.2% and 34.1%, respectively (P < 0.05). It also improved nitrogen distribution in the ear from early filling to maturity stages by 6.7% (P < 0.05) and enhanced the contribution rate of nitrogen transportation from stem and leaf to ear by 17.8% and 8.9%, respectively (P < 0.05). Therefore, multi-cropped hairy vetch mixed with common vetch after wheat harvest is a viable measure to reduce nitrogen fertilizer input. When combined with a 20% nitrogen reduction, it can increase grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in wheat by improving nitrogen uptake rate, net nitrogen assimilation rate, and the contribution rate of nitrogen transportation from leaf and stem to ear, thereby promoting nitrogen distribution in the ear in arid oasis irrigated areas.

Key words: multiple cropped green manure after wheat harvest, nitrogen reduction, grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency, compensation effect

Table 1

Green manure biomass in different treatments"

2019 2020 2021
处理
Treatment		 绿肥生物量
Green manure biomass
(kg hm-2)		 处理
Treatment		 绿肥生物量
Green manure biomass
(kg hm-2)		 处理
Treatment		 绿肥生物量
Green manure biomass
(kg hm-2)
HCVN1 4413 cd HCVN1 4322 cd HCVN1 4238 de
HCVN2 5664 a HCVN2 5126 a HCVN2 5535 a
HCVN3 4907 b HCVN3 4874 ab HCVN3 5024 b
CVN1 4065 de CVN1 4103 de CVN1 3894 e
CVN2 4717 bc CVN2 4645 abc CVN2 4790 bc
CVN3 4559 bc CVN3 4394 bcd CVN3 4457 cd
RN1 3102 f RN1 2892 g RN1 3074 f
RN2 3767 e RN2 3462 f RN2 4159 de
RN3 3895 e RN3 3724 ef RN3 4081 e

Fig. 1

Effect of grain yield with multi-cropped green manure under reduced nitrogen F, HCV, CV, and R represent fallow, multiple-cropped hairy vetch mixed with common vetch, common vetch, and rapeseed after wheat harvest, respectively. N3, N2, and N1 are local conventional nitrogen application rate, conventional nitrogen reduced by 20% and 40%, respectively. Different letters within the same year indicate significant differences among treatments at the P < 0.05 level."

Fig. 2

Nitrogen accumulation dynamics of wheat with nitrogen reduction under multiple cropped green manure Different letters in the figure indicate significant differences between different treatments within the same year (P < 0.05). Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Fig. 3

Effect of economic nitrogen application rate with various multiple cropped green manure"

Fig. 4

Differences of nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity of wheat in different multiple cropping patterns and nitrogen reduction Different letters in the figure indicate significant differences between different treatments within the same year (P < 0.05). Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Table 2

Nitrogen uptake rate and net assimilation rate of wheat nitrogen with reduced nitrogen under multiple cropped green manure"

年份
Year		 绿肥
Green manure		 施氮
Nitrogen level		 回归方程
Regression equation		 R2 氮素最大吸收速率
Maximum uptake
rate of nitrogen
(Vmax, kg hm‒2 d‒1)		 氮素最大吸收
速率出现天数 Days of NMUR
(Tm, d)		 氮素平均吸收速率
Mean uptake rate of nitrogen
(Vmean, kg N hm‒2 d‒1)		 氮素净同化速率
Net assimilation rate of nitrogen (NNAR, g m‒2 d‒1)
2020 F N1 Y=152/(1+e2.066-0.052t) 0.990 1.91 f 35.5 bcd 1.34 d 0.366 e
N2 Y=153/(1+e1.830-0.056t) 0.991 2.14 def 34.2 cd 1.31 d 0.331 f
N3 Y=181/(1+e1.926-0.053t) 0.994 2.41 cd 35.6 bcd 1.56 bc 0.377 e
HCV N1 Y=171/(1+e1.797-0.052t) 0.999 2.22 cde 37.0 ab 1.59 b 0.484 a
N2 Y=192/(1+e2.283-0.061t) 0.957 2.94 a 37.8 a 1.55 bc 0.439 b
N3 Y=188/(1+e2.242-0.062t) 0.994 2.93 a 34.8 cd 1.70 a 0.465 ab
CV N1 Y=152/(1+e1.625-0.039t) 0.998 1.49 g 37.8 a 1.36 d 0.379 de
N2 Y=195/(1+e2.079-0.060t) 0.998 2.94 a 34.8 bcd 1.55 bc 0.421 c
N3 Y=188/(1+e1.876-0.058t) 0.989 2.73 ab 32.7 d 1.54 bc 0.401 d
R N1 Y=149/(1+e1.964-0.052t) 0.982 1.93 ef 37.1 ab 1.29 d 0.350 ef
N2 Y=174/(1+e1.868-0.057t) 0.998 2.50 bc 35.0 cd 1.48 c 0.385 de
N3 Y=181/(1+e1.934-0.060t) 0.930 2.73 ab 34.9 cd 1.56 bc 0.387 de
2021 F N1 Y=150/(1+e2.090-0.052t) 0.992 1.95 g 40.2 a 1.33 f 0.390 g
N2 Y=162/(1+e2.385-0.067t) 0.999 2.72 cd 35.6 bcd 1.54 de 0.426 fg
2021 F N3 Y=183/(1+e1.931-0.056t) 0.953 2.56 de 35.0 cde 1.58 cd 0.422 fg
HCV N1 Y=178/(1+e2.056-0.051t) 0.998 2.26 f 40.6 a 1.61 cd 0.602 ab
N2 Y=197/(1+e2.356-0.060t) 0.992 2.95 b 40.1 a 1.82 a 0.634 a
N3 Y=194/(1+e1.823-0.056t) 0.995 2.73 c 32.4 e 1.64 c 0.522 cd
CV N1 Y=156/(1+e2.157-0.062t) 0.990 2.40 ef 35.2 cde 1.41 ef 0.459 ef
N2 Y=192/(1+e2.267-0.062t) 0.998 2.95 b 37.2 bc 1.77 ab 0.551 bc
N3 Y=191/(1+e2.212-0.067t) 0.995 3.18 a 33.1 de 1.75 ab 0.505 cde
R N1 Y=156/(1+e2.162-0.056t) 0.984 2.18 fg 38.4 ab 1.40 ef 0.430 fg
N2 Y=177/(1+e2.083-0.063t) 0.994 2.77 c 33.3 de 1.59 cd 0.450 efg
N3 Y=187/(1+e2.193-0.065t) 0.987 3.03 ab 34.1 de 1.70 b 0.464 def
2022 F N1 Y=154/(1+e2.130-0.060t) 0.992 2.35 de 35.8 abc 1.31 e 0.376 e
N2 Y=151/(1+e2.020-0.056t) 0.967 2.12 ef 35.9 abc 1.41 de 0.379 e
N3 Y=173/(1+e2.153-0.059t) 0.967 2.57 cd 36.2 abc 1.56 b 0.397 de
HCV N1 Y=166/(1+e1.617-0.067t) 0.992 2.78 bc 24.7 d 1.49 c 0.519 a
N2 Y=189/(1+e2.441-0.072t) 0.993 3.39 a 34.1 abc 1.67 a 0.530 a
N3 Y=184/(1+e2.278-0.056t) 0.997 3.01 b 35.5 abc 1.68 a 0.497 ab
CV N1 Y=166/(1+e2.470-0.065t) 0.927 2.70 bcd 38.1 a 1.35 e 0.422 cde
N2 Y=182/(1+e2.350-0.063t) 0.992 2.84 bc 38.3 a 1.56 b 0.460 bc
N3 Y=180/(1+e2.326-0.062t) 0.998 2.83 bc 38.2 a 1.57 ab 0.439 cd
R N1 Y=145/(1+e1.871-0.053t) 0.983 1.94 f 36.6 ab 1.43 d 0.426 cde
N2 Y=172/(1+e1.858-0.058t) 0.992 2.48 cd 32.2 c 1.56 b 0.426 cde
N3 Y=181/(1+e1.917-0.059t) 0.937 2.68 bcd 32.7 bc 1.67 a 0.440 cd
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
绿肥 Green manure (G) * * ** **
施氮Nitrogen application (N) ** ** ** **
绿肥×施氮G×N NS ** ** **

Fig. 5

Nitrogen distribution ratio of wheat organs with nitrogen reduction under multiple cropping green manure"

Table 3

Nitrogen translocation of organs and the contribution rate to ear of wheat with nitrogen reduction under multiple cropping green manure"

年份
Year		 绿肥
Green manure		 施氮水平
Nitrogen level		 叶 Leaf 茎 Stem
NTQ
(kg hm‒2)		 NTR
(%)		 SCR
(%)		 NTQ
(kg hm‒2)		 NTR
(%)		 SCR
(%)
2020 F N1 20.9 h 45.4 f 22.3 e 17.9 f 48.7 f 19.3 e
N2 36.5 e 64.5 bc 24.9 de 27.3 de 63.4 e 25.9 c
N3 40.3 c 65.8 b 30.7 b 33.0 c 71.1 c 25.2 c
HCV N1 32.1 f 49.6 ef 29.0 c 29.9 d 72.9 b 27.0 c
N2 43.2 b 70.9 ab 33.9 ab 32.2 cd 67.1 d 27.7 b
N3 48.8 a 76.3 a 35.5 a 38.9 a 80.2 a 30.7 a
CV N1 29.6 g 52.4 e 30.4 b 26.0 e 64.4 de 26.6 c
N2 32.5 f 54.2 de 34.7 a 34.4 b 77.5 ab 26.4 c
N3 45.2 b 68.3 ab 32.7 b 37.9 ab 80.1 a 27.5 b
R N1 30.2 fg 63.4 c 27.5 cd 26.2 e 71.7 c 24.0 cd
N2 38.5 d 60.5 cd 31.4 b 31.5 cd 66.4 d 23.4 d
N3 44.2 b 63.8 bc 34.0 ab 38.1 ab 76.4 ab 27.2 b
2021 F N1 23.9 g 53.7 d 24.1 e 20.4 f 46.4 e 20.7 g
N2 37.8 cd 65.3 bc 33.4 ab 31.9 d 56.4 d 28.1 d
N3 34.6 de 60.5 cd 26.1 d 33.6 d 61.4 d 25.2 ef
HCV N1 30.5 ef 54.2 d 31.2 bc 30.1 de 58.2 d 28.1 d
N2 36.8 cd 63.5 c 33.5 ab 36.8 bc 64.1 cd 29.6 c
N3 47.7 ab 71.5 ab 32.7 b 47.7 a 80.8 a 32.7 a
CV N1 35.5 de 66.1 bc 25.4 de 32.0 d 62.8 cd 25.0 ef
N2 40.3 cd 62.7 c 30.5 c 35.9 cd 64.4 cd 27.2 e
N3 49.7 a 77.3 a 34.2 a 45.9 a 71.4 bc 31.6 ab
R N1 28.9 fg 63.8 c 25.7 de 27.4 e 56.7 d 24.4 f
N2 42.3 bc 69.3 b 27.0 cd 37.3 bc 63.0 cd 26.9 e
N3 47.2 ab 69.8 b 33.7ab 42.7 ab 75.4 ab 32.7 a
2022 F N1 33.3 d 63.6 f 24.2 f 28.4 e 52.9 e 23.0 d
N2 37.2 cd 66.1 ef 29.1 d 29.7 de 52.5 e 25.2 cd
N3 36.1 d 61.1 f 32.4 c 32.2 d 55.7 de 29.2 b
2022 HCV N1 37.2 cd 64.4 f 27.7 ef 35.6 c 69.5 ab 23.5 d
N2 51.4 a 86.3 a 36.9 a 44.5 a 72.7 a 29.4 b
N3 49.5 a 81.2 ab 31.6 cd 44.4 a 76.7 a 28.2 bc
CV N1 37.2 cd 67.9 e 28.3 e 32.9 d 63.0 c 24.9 cd
N2 46.6 ab 72.5 d 33.0 b 45.3 a 75.7 a 32.0 a
N3 50.9 a 82.1 ab 35.0 ab 44.8 a 73.4 a 31.0 ab
R N1 36.1 d 68.7 e 31.6 cd 32.8 d 59.4 d 28.9 b
N2 42.5 bc 78.0 bc 31.1 cd 36.1 bc 67.0 b 26.4 c
N3 46.1 ab 74.5 c 32.9 bc 40.7 ab 73.1 a 29.0 b
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
绿肥 Green manure (G) ** ** ** ** ** **
施氮Nitrogen application (N) ** ** ** ** ** **
绿肥×施氮G×N * ** ** ** NS NS

Table 4

Incidence matrix and ranking among grain yield, nitrogen uptake, nitrogen distribution and transportation, and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat"

项目
Item		 氮素利用率
Nitrogen use
efficiency		 排序
Ranking
籽粒产量 Grain yield 0.678 6
氮素积累量 Nitrogen accumulation 0.786 3
氮肥偏生产力 Nitrogen partial factor productivity 0.552 9
花前叶器官氮素向穗的转运量 Nitrogen transportation quantity from leaf to ear before flowering 0.604 8
花前茎器官氮素向穗的转运量 Nitrogen transportation quantity from stem to ear before flowering 0.609 7
穗氮素分配 Nitrogen distribution in ear 0.854 1
氮素最大吸收速率 Maximum uptake rate of nitrogen 0.733 5
氮素平均吸收速率 Mean uptake rate of nitrogen 0.810 2
氮素净同化速率 Net assimilation rate of nitrogen 0.745 4

Fig. 6

Principal component analysis of grain yield, nitrogen uptake, nitrogen distribution and transportation, and nitrogen use efficiency in wheat NUE, NA, GY, NPFP, NDE, TQL, TQS, NVmean, NVmax, and NNAR represent nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen accumulation, grain yield, nitrogen distribution of ear, nitrogen transportation quantity from leaf to ear before flowering, nitrogen transportation quantity from stem to ear before flowering, maximum uptake rate of nitrogen, mean uptake rate of nitrogen, and net assimilation rate of nitrogen, respectively."

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