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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (9): 2396-2407.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31071

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of row spacing and planting patterns on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of wheat

ZHANG Zhen(), HE Jian-Ning, SHI Yu*(), YU Zhen-Wen, ZHANG Yong-Li   

  1. College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University / National Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai’ an 271018, Shandong, China
  • Received:2023-11-22 Accepted:2024-04-01 Online:2024-09-12 Published:2024-04-30
  • Contact: *E-mail: shiyu@sdau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172114);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-03-18);Special funds for Taishan Scholars Project

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Abstract:

To study the effects of different row spacings on wheat yield and dry matter accumulation and transport under wide-precision planting technology, clarify the physiological mechanism of high yield and high efficiency, and provide theoretical basis and technical support for the further promotion of wide-precision planting technology in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, two planting methods of wide-precision planting (K) and conventional drilling (T) were set up with ‘Jimai 22’ as the experimental material under three row spacings of 20 cm (R1), 25 cm (R2) and 30 cm (R3) in the wheat growth season of 2017-2019. The differences of photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and distribution, and 13C assimilation distribution characteristics of wheat flag leaves between wide precision sowing and conventional drilling planting under different row spacing were analyzed. The results showed that under the same planting method, the net photosynthetic rate of flag leaf, dry matter accumulation at anthesis and maturity, the distribution and contribution rate of dry matter in grain after anthesis, and grain yield of wheat under R2 treatment were significantly higher than those under R1 and R3 treatments. Under R2 row spacing, the leaf area index, photosynthetically active radiation interception rate at filling stage and the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of flag leaves at 14, 21, and 28 days after flowering in K treatment were significantly higher than those in T treatment. In the two years, K treatment increased grain yield by 8.67% compared with T treatment by increasing panicle number and grain weight. The results of 13C tracing showed that the distribution amount and proportion of 13C assimilates in flag leaves of R2K treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments. The dry matter accumulation and single stem weight at anthesis and maturity stages, the distribution of dry matter to grains after flowering and the contribution rate to grains were the highest in R2K treatment, which were significantly higher than other treatments, and the highest grain yield was obtained. In summary, the planting pattern of 25 cm row spacing and wide precision sowing is the best planting pattern for high yield and high efficiency of wheat under the conditions of this experiment.

Key words: wide precision broadcast, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter, 13C assimilate accumulation and distribution, grain yield

Fig. 1

Monthly precipitation in the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019"

Table 1

Nutrient content in soil layer 0-20 cm before sowing (g kg-1)"

生长季
Growth season		 有机质
Organic matter		 全氮
Total nitrogen		 碱解氮
Available nitrogen		 速效磷
Available phosphorus		 速效钾
Available potassium
2017-2018 14.13 1.18 117.62 41.93 116.45
2018-2019 14.56 1.09 117.32 42.11 113.18

Fig. 2

Irrigation amounts at jointing and anthesis stages under different treatments (mm) R1K, R2K, R3K: the row spacing of wide fine sowing was 20, 25, and 30 cm; R1T, R2T, R3T: the conventional down-line spacing was 20, 25, and 30 cm."

Fig. 3

Leaf area index after anthesis under different treatments DAA: days after anthesis. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments at P < 0.05."

Fig. 4

Photosynthetically active radiation capture ratio of winter wheat canopy after anthesis under different treatments Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments at P < 0.05."

Fig. 5

Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductivity (Gs), and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi) in winter wheat flag leaves after anthesis under different treatments"

Fig. 6

Dry matter accumulation amounts and single stem weight of wheat at anthesis and maturity stages under different treatments Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments at P < 0.05."

Table 2

Redistribution of assimilates in vegetative organs after anthesis in the same treatment"

生长季
Growing
season		 处理
Treatment		 开花前营养器官贮藏同化物Pre-anthesis reserves 开花后干物质Post-anthesis assimilates
转运量
Translocation (kg hm-2)		 对籽粒贡献率
Contribution to grain (%)		 同化量
Accumulation (kg hm-2)		 对籽粒贡献率
Contribution to grain (%)
2017-2018 R1K 2485±49.70 a 33.60±1.34 a 4911±98.22 c 66.40±1.33 c
R1T 2483±45.30 a 33.65±1.35 a 4895±97.90 c 66.35±1.32 c
R2K 2322±46.44 a 26.61±1.06 c 6403±128.06 a 73.39±1.47 a
R2T 2474±43.54 a 30.81±1.23 b 5555±111.10 b 69.19±1.38 b
R3K 2451±47.02 a 30.65±1.22 b 5545±103.90 b 69.35±1.39 b
R3T 2446±45.90 a 34.90±1.40 a 4562±91.24 d 65.10±1.30 c
2018-2019 R1K 2552±38.28 a 31.60±1.26 a 5523±110.46 c 68.40±1.37 c
R1T 2533±38.99 a 31.62±1.27 a 5477±108.54 c 68.38±1.34 c
R2K 2337±35.06 c 24.74±0.99 c 7108±142.16 a 75.26±1.51 a
R2T 2453±36.78 b 27.89±1.12 b 6342±126.84 b 72.11±1.44 b
R3K 2424±34.53 b 27.93±1.04 b 6256±123.12 b 72.07±1.41 b
R3T 2430±32.45 b 31.79±1.24 a 5215±104.30 d 68.21±1.36 c

Table 3

3C distribution and ratio in different organs at maturity of winter wheat under different treatments"

生长季Growing season 处理
Treatment		 总量
Total
(g hm‒2)		 分配量 Distribution amount (g hm‒2) 分配比例 Distribution ratio (%)
叶
Leaf		 茎杆+叶鞘
Stem+Sheath		 穗轴+颖壳
Spike axis+Glume		 籽粒
Grain		 叶
Leaf		 茎杆+叶鞘
Stem+Sheath		 穗轴+颖壳
Spike axis+Glume		 籽粒
Grain
2017-2018 R1K 1935±39 c 126.1±2.5 b 213.2±4.3 b 97.6±1.5 b 1498±30 c 6.52±0.13 a 11.02±0.22 a 5.04±0.10 a 77.42±1.55 c
R1T 1914±38 c 124.7±2.5 b 211.5±4.2 b 97.4±1.5 b 1481±29 c 6.52±0.12 a 11.05±0.21 a 5.09±0.09 a 77.35±1.54 c
R2K 3046±61 a 136.1±2.7 a 230.0±4.6 a 106.5±3.5 a 2573±51 a 4.47±0.09 c 7.55±0.15 c 3.50±0.07 c 84.48±1.69 a
R2T 2428±49 b 132.3±2.6 a 227.9±4.5 a 103.1±4.2 a 1965±39 b 5.45±0.11 b 9.38±0.19 b 4.24±0.08 b 80.93±1.62 b
R3K 2413±43 b 132.4±2.5 a 226.3±4.1 a 102.5±4.1 a 1952±38 b 5.49±0.10 b 9.38±0.18 b 4.25±0.08 b 80.88±1.60 b
R3T 1787±46 d 118.3±2.4 c 198.4±3.9 c 91.9±1.4 c 1378±28 d 6.62±0.13 a 11.10±0.22 a 5.14±0.10 a 77.13±1.54 c
2018-2019 R1K 2285±46 c 148.0±3.0 b 237.7±4.8 b 104.7±2.0 b 1794±36 c 6.48±0.13 a 10.40±0.21 a 4.58±0.09 a 78.53±1.57 c
R1T 2267±45 c 147.3±2.9 b 236.9±4.7 b 104.6±2.1 b 1779±36 c 6.50±0.13 a 10.45±0.20 a 4.61±0.08 a 78.44±1.51 c
R2K 3557±71 a 159.0±3.1 a 254.6±5.1 a 112.1±2.2 a 3031±61 a 4.47±0.09 c 7.16±0.14 c 3.15±0.06 c 85.22±1.70 a
R2T 2865±57 b 155.4±3.1 a 249.0±5.0 a 109.5±2.2 a 2351±47 b 5.42±0.11 b 8.69±0.17 b 3.82±0.07 b 82.06±1.64 b
R3K 2841±56 b 154.6±3.1 a 248.1±4.7 a 109.1±2.1 a 2329±46 b 5.44±0.10 b 8.73±0.16 b 3.84±0.07 b 81.99±1.46 b
R3T 2093±42 d 136.1±2.7 c 218.9±4.4 c 97.2±1.9 c 1641±33 d 6.50±013 a 10.46±0.21 a 4.65±0.09 a 78.39±1.57 c

Table 4

Grain yield and yield components of winter wheat under different treatments"

生长季
Growth
season		 处理
Treatment		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 穗数
Spike number
(×104 spike hm-2)		 穗粒数
Kernel number
(kernels spike-1)		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight
(g)
2017-2018 R1K 7396±148 c 644±13 a 33.81±0.68 b 40.69±0.81 c
R1T 7378±147 c 641±13 a 33.94±0.67 b 40.58±0.80 c
R2K 8725±175 a 630±13 a 36.57±0.73 a 45.18±0.90 a
R2T 8029±161 b 606±12 b 36.55±0.70 a 43.15±0.86 b
R3K 7996±159 b 605±12 b 36.53±0.72 a 43.13±0.82 b
R3T 7008±140 d 570±11 c 36.54±0.71 a 40.34±0.81 c
2018-2019 R1K 8075±162 c 693±14 a 37.52±0.75 b 37.28±0.75 c
R1T 8010±160 c 691±14 a 37.39±0.74 b 37.26±0.72 c
R2K 9445±189 a 679±14 a 40.01±0.80 a 41.61±0.83 a
R2T 8795±176 b 651±13 b 40.39±0.81 a 39.79±0.80 b
R3K 8680±174 b 650±13 b 40.21±0.78 a 39.77±0.79 b
R3T 7645±153 d 607±12 c 40.48±0.81 a 37.25±0.74 c
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