Table of Content

12 September 2024, Volume 50 Issue 9

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CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS

Cloning and functional analysis of drought-inducible promoter AhMYB44-11- Pro in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

LIU Yong-Hui, SHEN Yi, SHEN Yue, LIANG Man, SHA Qin, ZHANG Xu-Yao, CHEN Zhi-De

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2157-2166.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44018

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Drought is a significantly environmental factor that poses a serious threat to peanut yield and quality in China. Our study aims to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of the drought stress response gene AhMYB44-11 and uncover the function of its promoter. We isolated the promoter sequence AhMYB44-11-Pro from the peanut genome and constructed recombinant expression vectors comprising the full-length promoter and several 5'-terminal deletion promoters, each fused with the GUS reporter gene. These vectors were then introduced into plant tissue via Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation to assess promoter activity and expression patterns. The results revealed that AhMYB44-11-Pro contains a higher number of drought-responsive cis-regulatory elements, including MBS and Myb-binding sites, compared to the promoter of its homologous gene AhMYB44-01. Furthermore, dehydration treatment significantly enhanced GUS staining and activity in AhMYB44-11-Pro transgenic Arabidopsis, indicating that the promoter’s activity is upregulated under drought stress. These findings confirm that AhMYB44-11-Pro functions as a drought-inducible promoter. Additionally, AhMYB44-11-Pro contains a seed endosperm-specific expression element and gibberellin response elements, demonstrating an increased expression trend during pod development, as evidenced by GUS histochemical staining. This suggests that AhMYB44-11 may play a crucial role in seed development, particularly in dry matter accumulation. This research lays the groundwork for a comprehensive analysis of the biological functions of AhMYB44 and provides a valuable reference for genetically enhancing crop drought resistance.

Mapping of QTL for adult plant stripe rust resistance genes in a Sichuan wheat landrace and the evaluation of their breeding effects

HUANG Lin-Yu, ZHANG Xiao-Yue, LI Hao, DENG Mei, KANG Hou-Yang, WEI Yu-Ming, WANG Ji-Rui, JIANG Yun-Feng, CHEN Guo-Yue

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2167-2178.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31081

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Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a worldwide wheat disease that causes large losses in production. The lack of in-depth understanding of genetic and breeding utilization effects, coupled with the linkage of undesirable traits, are the key factors that limit the wide application of most of the discovered wheat stripe rust resistance genes in breeding and production. Our previous studies have shown that the wheat landraces, Hongmangmaizi (HM), exhibited stable adult plant stripe rust resistance to prevalent physiological races and pathogenic groups of stripe rust in China. In order to reveal the genetic basis of HM adult plant resistance to stripe rust, F₁, F₂, and F_2:3 segregating populations derived from the cross between Avocet S and HM were inoculated with mixed Pst and evaluated for stripe rust reaction at adult stage in the field. Through bulked segregation analyses (BSA) using 55K single-nucleotide polymorphism array and exon sequencing technology, we identified two quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosomes 7AL and 7DS, designated as QYr.HM-7AL and QYr.HM-7DS, explaining 11.64%-15.25% and 24.33%-40.58% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. Through integrated linkage, genetic and physical map analyses indicated that the major QTL QYr.HM-7DS was corresponding to the Yr18 gene, whereas QYr.HM-7AL, which was the second most stable QTL, should be a potential novel QTL for adult-stage stripe rust resistance. Furthermore, the kompetitive allele- specific PCR (KASP) markers, tightly linked with QYr.HM-7AL, were developed and validated. Based on construction of BC₁F₂ genetic improvement population derived from a cross between Mianmai 1618 × HM, the main QTL genetic effect of stripe rust resistance and its synergistic effect on yield related traits were analyzed. The results showed that the two QTL (Yr18 and QYr.HM-7AL) could significantly reduce the damage of stripe rust and had a positive effect on spike length and tillering number under the genetic background of Mianmai 1618. The above results indicated that the QTLs of adult-stage stripe rust resistance from HM could be used in wheat yield breeding programs.

Identification, evaluation and screening of salt-tolerant of soybean germplasm resources at seedling stage

SUN Xian-Jun, HU Zheng, JIANG Xue-Min, WANG Shi-Jia, CHEN Xiang-Qian, ZHANG Hui-Yuan, ZHANG Hui, JIANG Qi-Yan

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2179-2186.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44030

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Soil salinization has a significant impact on soybean quality and yield. Therefore, it is crucial to screen salt-tolerant soybean resources for the comprehensive utilization of salinized land. To establish a method for identifying and evaluating salt tolerance in soybean at the seedling stage, we conducted experiments using fresh water and 10 equal-differential gradients of NaCl solutions ranging from 0.9% to 1.8%. These solutions were applied to vermiculite culture medium when the soybean plants reached the stage of two emerged leaves. Results indicated that the 1.2% salinity treatment for 16 days demonstrated the highest interquartile range of salt-tolerant grading among various soybean germplasm resources, thus considered the optimal condition for evaluating salt tolerance in soybean seedlings. A total of 504 soybean germplasm resources from diverse geographic regions at home and abroad were subjected to evaluation using the soybean salt-tolerant evaluation system. Among them, 46, 146, 157, 79, and 76 soybean germplasm resources received salt-tolerant gradings of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The soybean resources with salt-tolerant grading 1 were further analyzed using the GmSALT3 gene molecular marker. The amplification results of 40 soybean resources (80.96%) were consistent with the GmSALT3 gene molecular marker. To analyze the change in salt stress concentration in the culture medium during the identification of soybean seedlings, a regression equation was established between soil salt content (Y, %) and electrical conductivity (X, mS cm^-1): Y=0.278X-0.0618, with a prediction accuracy above 95%. The variation trend of salt content in the culture medium was measured from the beginning of salt treatment until the end of the investigation, and it was found to be maintained at approximately 13 mS cm^-1. This study not only provides a technical system for large-scale identification of salt-tolerant soybean seedlings but also serves as a foundation for breeding new soybean salt-tolerant germplasm resources.

Transcriptome sequencing and genome-wide association study of wheat stem traits

YU Hai-Long, WU Wen-Xue, PEI Xing-Xu, LIU Xiao-Yu, DENG Gen-Wang, LI Xi-Chen, ZHEN Shi-Cong, WANG Jun-Sen, ZHAO Yong-Tao, XU Hai-Xia, CHENG Xi-Yong, ZHAN Ke-Hui

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2187-2206.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31076

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Stem traits in wheat are closely associated with lodging, and the identification of significantly linked gene loci and candidate genes provides a foundation for analyzing the genetic mechanism and molecular marker-assisted breeding of wheat stem traits. In this study, a panel of 192 wheat varieties from the southern Huang-Huai region was utilized to assess 14 stem traits across seven mature stage environments and four mid-filling stage environments. Genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) was conducted using wheat 660K SNP chips, and the differentially expressed genes related to the strength and diameter of the first two basal internodes were analyzed through RNA-seq. The results revealed a substantial difference between the mature stage and the mid-filling stage for all traits. In comparison to the mid-filling stage, the height of the gravity center significantly increased during the mature stage, while the length of the second and third internodes at the base showed an increase, and the other traits exhibited a decrease. GWAS detected a total of 163 stable SNPs (MTA), out of which 45 had gene or protein annotations. Combining GWAS and transcriptome analysis, three candidate genes associated with wheat stem traits were identified. The candidate gene TraesCS5A02G522100 may regulate photosynthesis by synthesizing isoglutaric acid compounds, thereby enhancing cell membrane stability and permeability through sterol production. This regulation, in turn, promotes stem development and improves stem characteristics. The candidate gene TraesCS1D02G390600 is directly involved in cell division and organ formation in the wheat stem, resulting in thicker and fuller stems. The candidate gene TraesCS7A02G481800 plays a role in cell-to-cell signaling, regulation of stem development, and stress response. The expression trends of these candidate genes were consistent with the results of transcriptome sequencing, as validated by qRT-PCR.

Comprehensively evaluation on cold tolerance of foxtail millet varieties at germination stage

YAN Feng, DONG Yang, LI Qing-Quan, ZHAO Fu-Yang, HOU Xiao-Min, LIU Yang, LI Qing-Chao, ZHAO Lei, FAN Guo-Quan, LIU Kai

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2207-2218.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34216

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Heilongjiang province, located in high latitudes, frequently experiences cold damage during the germination period of millet after sowing. This leads to slow and uneven emergence, as well as insufficient seedling growth, which is a key limiting factor for millet yield and quality in this region. Identifying the cold tolerance of millet and screening appropriate evaluation indices for cold tolerance can provide a theoretical foundation for breeding cold-tolerant millet varieties. It holds great significance for ensuring the safe production of millet. In this study, 52 foxtail millet cultivars were selected as research subjects. Twelve cold stress treatments were applied during the germination stage, and the suitability of using germination rate as the index for evaluating cold tolerance at this stage was explored. Following low-temperature stress, the cold tolerance coefficients of seven indices, including germination potential, germination rate, germination index, bud length, root length, bud fresh weight, and root fresh weight, were measured. Comprehensive evaluation of the tested varieties' cold tolerance was conducted using membership function analysis, principal component analysis, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis. Stepwise regression analysis was employed to establish a regression equation for predicting cold tolerance. The results revealed that the germination rate of millet varieties exhibited the largest variation range after seven days of low-temperature treatment at 8℃. This treatment effectively distinguished the differences in cold tolerance among varieties and proved to be the most suitable condition for evaluating cold tolerance during the germination stage. Following low-temperature stress, all seven evaluated indices showed lower values compared to the control treatment at 28℃, although the degree of reduction varied among the indices. Through principal component analysis, the seven individual indices were transformed into three independent comprehensive indices. It was found that bud length, bud fresh weight, and root fresh weight best represented the response of millet during the germination period to low-temperature stress. These indices can be used for evaluating cold tolerance during the germination stage. Cluster analysis categorized the 52 millet varieties into three groups, identifying 17 highly cold-tolerant varieties such as Nenxuan 14, Chaogu 14, and Mengheigu 8, as well as 15 cold-sensitive varieties such as Lugu 7 and Jingu 20. These varieties serve as valuable germplasm resources for breeding cold-tolerant millet and enhancing millet production.

Identification and expression analysis of the WD40 gene family in pearl millet

YANG Yu-Chen, JIN Ya-Rong, LUO Jin-Chan, ZHU Xin, LI Wei-Hang, JIA Ji-Yuan, WANG Xiao-Shan, HUANG De-Jun, HUANG Lin-Kai

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2219-2236.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34214

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Pearl millet is a globally significant cereal, known for its excellent photosynthetic capabilities and high production potential. It has evolved tolerance to infertile soils and the ability to adapt to various abiotic stressors and diverse environmental conditions, setting it apart from other crops. The PgWD40 gene family plays a crucial role in plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses, as well as in the regulation of plant growth and development. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive identification and analysis of the PgWD40 gene family and its expression pattern in pearl millet. A total of 209 members of the PgWD40 gene family were identified and categorized into five subfamilies through phylogenetic analysis of pearl millet and rice. Members within the same subfamily exhibited some similarity in their conserved sequences and gene structures. Furthermore, analysis of promoter cis-acting elements revealed that 176 PgWD40 genes were associated with plant growth and development, while 208 PgWD40 gene members contained cis-acting elements related to different hormone stress responses. Transcriptomic data analysis and qRT-PCR analysis indicated that PMA3G03393.1, PMA4G00558.1, and PMA5G02217.1 were induced by salt, heat, and drought stresses, suggesting their involvement in regulating and responding to abiotic stresses through hormone-dependent signaling pathways. These genes hold potential for further studies on the tolerance function of the PgWD40 gene family. Additionally, the PgWD40 gene family exhibited differential expression during different stages of pearl millet tasseling. Through gene expression heat maps, as well as GO and KEGG analysis, it was found that many members of the PgWD40 gene family are involved in various stages of plant growth, development, and seed formation. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for comprehensive analysis of the structure and biological function of the PgWD40 gene, as well as understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying stress tolerance and molecular breeding. Furthermore, it offers valuable genetic resources for the cultivation of new high-efficiency stress-resistant crop varieties.

Impact of potato StuPPO9 gene overexpression on drought resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana

LIU Bo, CHI Ming, CAO Meng-Qi, TANG Da, YANG Heng-Zhao, ZHANG Wei-Hua, XUE Cong

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2237-2247.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34178

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To investigate the role of the potato polyphenol oxidase gene StuPPO9 in response to drought stress, we utilized the overexpression of the StuPPO9 gene in Nicotiana benthamiana through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation as the experimental material. Pot experiments were conducted to simulate natural drought stress, and various physiological indicators including growth morphology, chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde and proline levels, antioxidant enzyme activity, and expression of related resistance genes were compared and measured in transgenic and wild-type tobacco plants under drought stress for 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days. The results revealed that following the drought treatment, the transgenic strains exhibited significantly higher relative water content, chlorophyll content, proline levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities compared to the wild-type plants. Conversely, the malondialdehyde content was significantly lower in the transgenic strains compared to the wild-type. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated a significant upregulation of expression levels in ROS scavenging system genes (SOD, POX), ABA biosynthesis genes (NCED, RD29A), proline biosynthesis gene (P5CS), and other stress response genes (LEA, ADC, SAMDC). These findings suggest that the overexpression of the StuPPO9 gene enhances drought tolerance in tobacco plants, providing a theoretical foundation for further exploration of StuPPO9’s role in regulating drought stress response.

Analysis and comprehensive evaluation of agronomic and quality traits of spring soybean varieties in northern China

NIE Bo-Tao, LIU De-Quan, CHEN Jian, CUI Zheng-Guo, HOU Yun-Long, CHEN Liang, QIU Hong-Mei, WANG Yue-Qiang

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2248-2266.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44004

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Soybean germplasm resources are the key to the improvement of soybean variety. Variation analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, principal components analysis, piecewise linear regression analysis, and stepwise multiple regression analysis were conducted on the main agronomic and quality traits of 334 spring soybean germplasm resources in northern China. The results of cluster analysis showed that 334 soybean germplasm resources could be divided into 4 groups, among which group III mainly include cross breeding soybean varieties in Jilin region, with the high average yield per unit, strong lodging resistance, and better comprehensive performance in this region. Principal components analysis showed that the five principal components represented yield factor, quality factor, plant height factor, branching and flowering factor, and flowering to maturity time factor, with the cumulative contribution rate of 79.76%. The soybean variety with the best overall performance was No. 36 using DTOPSIS method. Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis showed that the number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, oil content, the number of nodes on main stem, and the number of seeds per plant had significant effect on yield; oil content, the number of pods per plant, the effective branch number, plant height, and flowering time had significant effect on protein content. Protein content, 100-seed weight, flowering time, flowering to maturity time, the number of pods per plant, and yield had significant effect on oil content. Based on piecewise linear regression analysis, combined with correlation analysis, and multiple regression equations, the optimum plant types for high-yield soybeans were established as follows: the number of nodes on main stem was increasing as much as possible. Five nodes height on the bottom was 8.00-14.70 cm. The number of pods per plant was more than 132.83. The effective branch number was about 6. The flowering time was about 57.16 days. The time from flowering to maturity was greater than 61.29 days, and the whole growth period was controlled before the frost period. Lodging is non-lodging or slight lodging. The number of seeds per plant was about 250.43. Protein content was about 38.87%, oil content was greater than 19.27%, 100-seed weight was 19.45-22.55 g. The optimum plant type of high-yield and high-oil soybeans was approximately 113.50-114.45 cm in plant height. Five nodes height on the bottom was 12.15-14.70 cm. The number of nodes on main stem shall not exceed 25.15 segments. The number of pods per plant was 132.83-142.65. The effective branch number was 0-3.00. Lodging was non-lodging or slight lodging. The flowering time was about 57.16 days. The time from flowering to maturity was 61.29-69.00 days, the number of seeds per plant was approximately 249.63, and 100-seed weight was 19.25-22.55 g. The optimum plant types for high-yield and high-protein soybeans were: the plant height was about 113.50-114.45 cm. Five nodes on the bottom were about 8.00-10.55 cm. The number of nodes on main stem was about 19.42. The number of pods per plant was 132.83-138.96, the branch number was about 4.72. Lodging can be mid-lodging. The flowering time was about 63.00 days. The time from flowering to maturity was about 68.52 days. The number of seeds per plant was 227.54-250.43, 100-seed weight was less than 19.20 g. This study revealed that northern spring soybean germplasm resources had a wide genetic background and rich genetic potential, which was the high-quality soybean breeding resources.

Development and application of cotton MNP marker for fingerprint cons- truction

AI Sha, LI Sha, FANG Zhi-Wei, LI Lun, LI Tian-Tian, GAO Li-Fen, CHEN Li-Hong, XIAO Hua-Feng, WAN Ren-Jing, YAN Duo-Zi, WU Xing-Ting, PENG Hai, HAN Rui-Xi, ZHOU Jun-Fei

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2267-2278.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34163

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Cotton is an important economic crop with complex genomes, yet the development of cotton molecular markers lags behind that of other diploid crops, posing challenges. This study utilized the highly polymorphic and accurate Multiple Dispersed Nucleotide Polymorphisms (MNP) marker approach to construct fingerprints for the main cotton varieties in China. This achievement provides a technical foundation for variety identification, genetic diversity analysis, and molecular breeding. Using public cotton genome information, a panel of 940 MNP markers was developed. Subsequently, 98 cotton samples underwent multiplex PCR amplification, library construction, sequencing, and genotyping. As a result, a fingerprint database for each cotton variety was established. Pairwise comparisons based on MNP genotypes were conducted to determine genetic differences, followed by a sequential phylogenetic analysis. Effective amplification products were obtained from all 940 MNP loci in the 98 cotton samples, with amplification product lengths ranging from 163 to 274 bp and an average of 270 bp. A total of 940 polymorphic loci were detected in the 98 samples, with an average discriminative power (DP) of 0.46. When comparing genetic differences between any two varieties, an average of 410.26 MNP loci showed differences, accounting for an average difference of 44.84%. The NJ phylogenetic tree revealed that the 98 cotton samples could be divided into three groups based on MNP markers, roughly corresponding to their distribution in the Yellow River basin, the Yangtze River basin, and the Xinjiang region. The 940 MNP markers developed in this study can accurately classify cotton varieties, and the DNA fingerprints of the 98 cotton varieties constructed using these markers provide technical support for variety identification, variety rights protection, and germplasm innovation.

Screening candidate resistance genes to ear rot caused by Fusarium verticillioides in maize by combined GWAS and transcriptome analysis

YE Liang, ZHU Ye-Lin, PEI Lin-Jing, ZHANG Si-Ying, ZUO Xue-Qian, LI Zheng-Zhen, LIU Fang, TAN Jing

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2279-2296.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.33049

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Maize, as the largest grain crop in China, holds great significance for food security and agricultural stability, making it crucial to achieve high and stable yields. Ear rot, a fungal disease, poses a serious threat to global corn production, resulting in significant yield reduction and quality deterioration. This study focused on the dominant pathogen Fusarium verticillioides and aimed to identify resistance in 241 maize inbred lines from diverse sources through two years of artificial inoculation in the field. Additionally, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using 20,586 high-quality SNP markers to identify SNP loci significantly associated with ear rot resistance. Based on this research, one maize inbred line with high resistance and one with high susceptibility to F. verticillioides-induced ear rot were selected. The young kernels of these lines were subjected to RNA transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) at three different infection stages, and differentially expressied genes (DEGs) and enrichment analysis were conducted. The results of GWAS and RNA-seq were combined to identify candidate resistant genes. The main findings were as followed: (1) Four inbred lines resistant to F. verticillioides-induced ear rot were selected based on two years of field resistance identification. Maize germplasm with tropical consanguinity exhibited higher resistance. (2) A total of 26 SNP loci associated with ear rot resistance were detected through two years of GWAS analysis, with 18 loci located within previously identified QTL regions. (3) RNA-seq analysis revealed differential response genes between resistant and susceptible lines upon F. verticillioides infection. The resistant line exhibited a greater number of DEGs and up-regulated genes. In the co-enriched GO entries and KEGG pathways specific to the DEGs of resistant and susceptible lines, the proportion of DEGs enriched in the resistant line was significantly higher. Moreover, some entries and pathways related to plant defense against pathogens were specifically enriched in the resistant line. (4) Sixteen genes, detected by both GWAS and RNA-seq, were identified as candidate genes by screening those co-located with transcriptome DEGs within a range of 100 kb upstream and downstream of significant association loci. Based on protein function and relevant literature reports, six candidate genes related to ear rot resistance were predicted. In summary, this study identified four maize lines resistant to F. verticillioides-induced ear rot. Maize germplasm from tropical and subtropical regions holds promise for stress-tolerant variety breeding. The preliminary analysis of DEGs and related resistance mechanisms of maize in response to F. verticillioides infection was conducted. Furthermore, six candidate genes associated with ear rot resistance were identified through the integration of GWAS and RNA-seq. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the cloning and validation of maize ear rot resistance genes, as well as the breeding of resistant varieties.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of TIFY gene family in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

QI Jia-Min, XU Chun-Miao, XIAO Bin

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2297-2309.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34193

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The TIFY family is a gene family of transcription factor unique to plants. It contains conserved TIFY domains (TIF [F/Y]XG), which plays an important role in regulating plant development, responding to abiotic stress, and plant hormones. In this study, a total of 26 members of the StTIFY family at the genome-wide level in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) were identified. Based on phylogenetic characteristics and protein structure, StTIFY was divided into 4 subfamilies, and the JAZ subfamily was divided into 5 subgroups. Tandem duplication and segmental duplication events played a major role in the expansion of the StTIFY gene family. Collinearity analysis showed that there were 21, 5, and 6 orthologous gene pairs between StTIFYs and TIFYs of dicotyledonous plants, which were tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Arabidopsis, and cabbage (Brassica oleracea). There were only 1 and 2 orthologous gene pairs between StTIFYs and TIFYs of monocotyledonous rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays), respectively, which had evolved under purification selection. RNA-seq data analysis showed that TIFY gene and two genes in ZML subfamily were highly expressed in 13 tissues, while the other members exhibited tissue-specificity. Furthermore, we analyzed the response of the StTIFY gene to abiotic stresses and hormone treatments, and found that 19 genes responded to abiotic stress (drought/salt/heat), among which 3 genes and 2 genes simultaneously responded to 3 and 2 abiotic stresses, respectively. Five genes were differentially expressed under BAP, ABA, IAA, and GA₃ treatments. The relative expression levels of four candidate genes in drought-tolerant and water-sensitive cultivars under drought stress were further detected using qPCR. The results showed that these four genes were significantly differentially expressed in the two cultivars during flower-falling period. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the characteristics of the StTIFY gene family, as well as in-depth analysis of the functions of StTIFY family members response to hormone signals and resistance to abiotic stress.

TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY

Study on the quality differences of seeds with different pre-harvest sprouting levels and the grading of pre-harvest sprouting in hybrid rice

JIA Shu-Han, HE Can, CHEN Min, LIU Jia-Xin, HU Wei-Min, HU Jin, GUAN Ya-Jing

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2310-2322.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.32049

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Investigating seed quality with different pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) grades is of great importance for scientifically classifying PHS levels and optimizing the calculation method for PHS parameters. In this study, we utilized two indica hybrid rice cultivars, namely Qianyou 0508 (QY0508) and Y Liangyou 689 (YLY689), to assess the germination quality of rice seeds with varying PHS grades. Additionally, we examined the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and other physiological indicators. To explore the effects of different drying treatments on the quality of PHS seeds in practical production and assess the stress tolerance of different PHS seeds during germination, we employed two drying methods: air drying and 38℃ oven drying for fresh PHS seeds. Subsequently, germination tests were conducted under two adverse conditions, namely low temperature and water flooding. Furthermore, as adverse climatic conditions during the optimal harvest period (from the end of wax ripening to the beginning of full ripening) may lead to PHS, we also investigated the quality of PHS seeds at different developmental stages. By evaluating the quality of PHS seeds, we proposed a new grading method for rice PHS seeds. This method includes the following grades: grade 0 for intact, full, and non-germinated seeds; grade 1 for seeds with protruding embryonic roots but uncracked lemma shells; grade 2 for seeds with visible embryonic roots less than 2 mm in length; and grade 3 for seeds with visible embryonic roots greater than 2 mm in length. Compared to grade 0 seeds, the germination rate of grade 1-3 PHS seeds significantly decreased, while the abnormal seedling rate showed a significant increase. This effect was more pronounced under low temperature and water flooding stresses. Moreover, 38℃ oven drying had a smaller impact on seed quality compared to air drying. Additionally, seeds with high maturity (35 days after pollination) exhibited a smaller impact on seed quality after sprouting compared to seeds with low maturity (25 days after pollination). Through the comprehensive evaluation of seeds with different PHS grades, our study proposes a new grading method for PHS seeds, which holds significant value in accurately understanding PHS seeds and evaluating rice PHS levels in the field.

Effects of organic material inputs on soil physicochemical properties and summer maize yield formation in coastal saline-alkali land

ZHANG Gui-Qin, WANG Hong-Zhang, GUO Xin-Song, ZHU Fu-Jun, GAO Han, ZHANG Ji-Wang, ZHAO Bin, REN Bai-Zhao, LIU Peng, REN Hao

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2323-2334.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.43002

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This study investigates the regulatory effects of different organic material inputs on soil physicochemical properties, as well as maize growth and development, in coastal saline-alkali land. The objective is to provide a theoretical basis for summer maize production in such environments. The experiment was conducted during the summer maize growing seasons of 2021-2022 in coastal saline-alkali farmland located in Wudi county, Binzhou city, Shandong province. The organic materials used included humic acid (3000 kg hm^-2, HA), biochar (15,000 kg hm^-2, BC), and bio-organic fertilizer (15,000 kg hm^-2, BO), while the control (CK) had no organic materials added. The study examined changes in soil bulk density, total porosity, field capacity, pH value, electrical conductivity, and total organic carbon content in the 0-40 cm soil layer. Additionally, the effects of different organic material inputs on aboveground dry matter accumulation and maize yield formation were assessed. The results demonstrated that the application of humic acid, biochar, and bio-organic fertilizer can improve the physicochemical properties of saline-alkali soil. All three organic material treatments significantly reduced the bulk density of the surface soil, increased total porosity and field capacity, and reduced the pH value of the 0-10 cm soil layer by 0.17, 0.08, and 0.20, respectively. After two years of continuous application, humic acid significantly decreased soil electrical conductivity in the 0-40 cm soil layer by an average of 32.74%. Furthermore, all three organic materials significantly increased the total organic carbon content in the 0-20 cm soil layer, with the biochar treatment exhibiting a significant increase of 57.99%. Both humic acid and bio-organic fertilizer treatments significantly increased aboveground biomass and yield of summer maize. After two consecutive years of application, the humic acid treatment showed a significant yield increase of 11.01%, indicating superior performance. In conclusion, comprehensive analysis showed that the application of humic acid can improve soil physical structure, reduce the pH of the 0-10 cm soil layer, increase organic carbon content, decrease soil electrical conductivity, promote aboveground biomass accumulation in summer maize, and enhance grain yield under the conditions of this study. Moreover, humic acid application demonstrated increased net yield compared to the control after two consecutive years. Therefore, humic acid can be employed as an organic material to improve soil physical and chemical properties in coastal saline-alkali land, while promoting the growth and development of summer maize. Although bio-organic fertilizer also enhances soil physical and chemical properties, further localized experiments are necessary to verify its long-term economic effects.

Deep side fertilization improved soybean yield by optimizing leaf function and nitrogen accumulation

XU Yi-Fan, XU Cai-Long, LI Rui-Dong, WU Zong-Sheng, HUA Jian-Xin, YANG Lin, SONG Wen-Wen, WU Cun-Xiang

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2335-2346.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44015

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Fertilizers play a crucial role in providing essential nutrients for crops, promoting photosynthesis, and enhancing crop growth and yield formation. The Huang-Huai-Hai region is a significant soybean production area in China, known for high-quality soybean cultivation. Optimizing fertilization techniques in this region is pivotal for improving soybean yields and reducing soybean import pressure in China. In this experiment, we implemented four treatments: no fertilization (F0), side deep fertilization (F1), equidistant deep fertilization (F2), and surface fertilization (F3). The objective was to study the variations in soybean leaf physiological indices, material accumulation, and yield composition under different fertilization methods. Our aim was to elucidate the relationship between fertilization practices and soybean production, providing theoretical support for sustainable and efficient soybean production in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. The results demonstrated that the F1 treatment significantly increased the potential photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (F_v/F_m), the actual photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II [Y(II)], the electron transfer rate (ETR), and the photochemical fluorescence quenching coefficient (q_P) of soybean leaves during the pod-grain stage. Compared to the other treatments, the F1 treatment led to a 3.61%-22.86% increase in Y(II) in soybean leaves during the late reproductive stage. Regarding antioxidant metabolism, the F1 treatment significantly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in soybean leaves. In comparison to the other treatments, the F1-treated leaves exhibited a 6.32%-35.34% increase in SOD activity and a 1.93%-50.55% increase in CAT activity during the late seed filling stage, subsequently contributing to a boosted net photosynthetic rate (29.42%-70.10%). The enhancement of photosynthetic function in the F1 treatment resulted in increased dry matter (1.17%-101.18%) and nitrogen (1.01%-88.14%) accumulation during the middle and late fertility stages, providing a foundation for increased yield. Changes in fertilization practices (F1 and F2 treatments) led to a significant increase in soybean yield by 10.66% and 6.55%, respectively, compared to the F3 treatment. Further analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between soybean leaf F_v/F_m, Y(II), P_n, SOD, CAT activities, and the number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, and overall yield. In conclusion, side-depth fertilization enhanced the late antioxidant system function of soybean leaves, improved photosynthesis and material accumulation, optimized yield composition, and promoted increased soybean yield.

Effects of planting season on digestive characteristics of high amylose content rice

HU Li-Qin, XIAO Zheng-Wu, FANG Sheng-Liang, CAO Fang-Bo, CHEN Jia-Na, HUANG Min

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2347-2357.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.42006

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To elucidate the effects of planting season on the digestive properties of high amylose content rice, six rice cultivars with high amylose content were cultivated in both the early and late seasons in 2020 and 2021. The differences in starch digestion characteristics between early and late-season rice were investigated by the in vitro digestion simulation method combined with meteorological data. The results showed that the average temperature and radiation of high amylose rice in the early season increased by 16.1% and 10.1%, respectively, compared to the late season. Moreover, compared to the late-season planting, the total glucose production (TGP) and glucose production rate (GPR) decreased by 4.1% and 10.0%, respectively, while active digestion duration (ADD) increased by 7.8%. Additionally, compared to late-season planting, early-season planting resulted in a 3.1% increase in amylose content and an 8.5% decrease in protein content. The peak viscosity, through viscosity, breakdown value, final viscosity, consistency viscosity, and pasting temperature of the rice RVA spectrum increased by 34.4%, 29.7%, 51.6%, 26.2%, 20.6%, and 1.3%, respectively, while the setback value decreased by 2.6%. Correlation analysis revealed that GPR showed negative correlations with grain amylose content, peak viscosity, minimum viscosity, and final viscosity, with correlation coefficient values of -0.429, -0.558, -0.662, and -0.439, respectively. However, GPR exhibited a highly positive correlation with protein content, with a correlation coefficient of 0.565. Amylose content, peak viscosity, and minimum viscosity showed positive correlation with the daily mean temperature and daily mean solar radiation during grain filling. The final viscosity showed a positive correlation with the average daily temperature during the grain-filling period. In conclusion, compared to late-season planting, early-season planting of high amylose rice varieties resulted in increased daily average temperature and daily average solar radiation during the filling period, leading to increased amylose content, peak viscosity, minimum viscosity, and final viscosity, as well as a decrease in protein content, which further contributed to a slower starch digestion rate. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation regulation of starch digestion speed of high amylose rice varieties.

Effect of high density planting on the quality of cold pressed rapeseed oil

ZHANG Qi-Qi, CHEN Jie-Chang, KUAI Jie, WANG Bo, WANG Jing, XU Zheng-Hua, ZHAO Jie, ZHAO Si-Ming, JIA Cai-Hua, ZHOU Guang-Sheng

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2358-2370.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34210

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In order to determine the effect of high density planting on the quality of cold-pressed rapeseed oil, six rapeseed varieties with significantly different plant architectures were selected and planted with 450,000 plants hm^-2 and 750,000 plants hm^-2. The mature seeds were harvested and cold-pressed, and the physicochemical indexes, fatty acid composition, and typical lipid concomitants contents of rapeseed oil were analyzed. The results showed that compared with 450,000 plants hm^-2, the oil content, chlorophyll, red value, peroxide value, and acid value under the density of 750,000 plants hm^-2 increased on average by 4.67%, 65.28%, 22.16%, 30.36%, and 7.23%, respectively. But all of them met the national standard grade Ⅰ rapeseed oil quality standard. Under the density of 750,000 plants hm^-2, the contents of unsaturated fatty acids increased by 0.02%-4.26%, and the contents of carotenoid and polar total phenol increased by 0.52-4.54 mg kg^-1 and 1.18-12.06 mg 100 g^-1, respectively. At the same time, the contents of tocopherol and phytosterol of ‘Chuanyou 20’and ‘Huayouza 62’ were increased. Comprehensive evaluation results showed that the quality of cold-pressed oil obtained from different plant architectures of rapeseed was different in response to the two planting densities. The quality of cold-pressed oil obtained from different heights and leaf types of rapeseed was better than 450,000 plants hm^-2 under the density of 750,000 plants hm^-2, among which the comprehensive quality of “Chuanyou 20” and “Huayouza 62” was superior under the density of 750,000 plants hm^-2. Thus, the results of this study can provide a reference for the density planting, variety breeding, and the production of high-quality rapeseed oil raw materials.

Relationship between cotton yield and canopy microenvironment under summer direct seeding

PENG Jie, XIE Xiao-Qi, ZHANG Zhao, YAO Xiao-Fen, QIU Shen, CHEN Dan-Dan, GU Xiao-Na, WANG Yu-Jie, WANG Chen-Chen, YANG Guo-Zheng

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2371-2382.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34205

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The yield of cotton under summer direct seeding can be comparable to that of conventional cotton in a short growing period. However, the mechanisms behind high yield formation and its relationship with the canopy microenvironment remain unclear. Therefore, this experiment employed a completely randomized block design, with six different planting densities (7.50, 8.25, 9.00, 9.75, 10.50, and 11.25 plants m^-2). The field experiment was conducted in Wuhan from 2022 to 2023. Temperature and humidity within the canopy were recorded using an automated meter, while light radiation intensity at various heights of the canopy during boll setting stage was measured using a canopy analyzer. Cotton was manually harvested to calculate the yield. The results indicated that cotton yield initially increased and then decreased with increasing planting density. Among them, the highest yield (3246.5 kg hm^-2 of seed cotton and 1203.2 kg hm^-2 of lint) was observed at a density of 9.75 plants per square meter, which was significantly higher than the yield at 7.50 plants m^-2 (15.0% and 17.8% higher) over the two years. As planting density in creased, the average daily temperature, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature within the canopy decreased, while relative humidity, maximum humidity, and minimum humidity increased. Canopy light transmittance exhibited a “V” shape horizontally, with the maximum at the middle of the cotton row. Vertically, light transmittance in the middle and lower part (10-50 cm above the ground) decreased with increasing planting density, while the upper part (50-70 cm above the ground) showed an increase. Population leaf area index initially increased and then decreased with planting density, with the highest value observed at 9.75 plants m^-2, averaging 2.6 over the two years. Correlation analysis showed that cotton yield decreased with the increase of average daily temperature and maximum temperature, while it increased with the increase of relative humidity and maximum humidity. Cotton yield decreased with increased light transmittance in the middle and lower part of the canopy, but increased with increased light transmittance in the upper part of the canopy. In conclusion, under summer cotton direct seeding, appropriately increasing the planting density (9.75-11.25 plants m^-2) is beneficial for increasing boll number per unit area and improving the canopy microenvironment, ultimately increasing cotton yield. The optimal canopy microenvironment conditions are as follows: canopy transmittance of above 85% at 70 cm, 37%-40% at 50 cm, 14%-16% at 30 cm, and below 9% at 10 cm; canopy temperature of 26.5-27.0℃; and canopy humidity of 74%-77%.

Effects of foliar silicon sprays on leaf photosynthetic performance and grain yield of summer maize in coastal saline-alkali soil

SUN Zhao-Hua, REN Hao, WANG Hong-Zhang, WANG Zi-Qiang, YAO Hai-Yan, XIN Ai-Mei, ZHAO Bin, ZHANG Ji-Wang, REN Bai-Zhao, LIU Peng

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2383-2395.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.43001

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Silicon is a beneficial element for crop growth and can effectively alleviate salt stress in crops. This study aims to explore the alleviating effect of foliar spraying of silicon on salt stress in coastal saline-alkali summer maize in China, providing a theoretical basis for enhancing stress resistance and increasing yield in coastal saline-alkali summer maize. Denghai 605, planted in the field test, was selected as the test material. A silicon preparation (8 g L^-1 SiO₂) was sprayed at the V9, V12, and VT stages, while the control group was sprayed with the same amount of water. The effects of foliar spraying with silicon preparation at different stages on leaf photosynthetic performance and grain yield of summer maize in coastal saline-alkali soil were investigated. The results demonstrated that foliar spraying of silicon preparations at different stages significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in saline-alkali summer maize leaves compared to the control group. It also reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), alleviating the damage to photosynthetic organs and the degradation of photosynthetic pigments. The leaf area index at the R6 stage increased by 6.28%, 7.16%, and 6.66% in the V9, V12, and VT stages, respectively, while the chlorophyll content at the R3 stage increased by 6.62%, 7.52%, and 7.47% in 2023. Silicon spraying increased the net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), stomatal conductance (G_s), and intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) of leaves. Foliar spraying of silicon preparation at the V9, V12, and VT stages increased the P_n of the R3 stage by 11.64%, 11.73%, and 16.39%, respectively. The biomass at the R6 stage increased by 8.46%, 8.88%, and 9.67%, respectively, and there was a significant increase in the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight. Ultimately, the grain yield increased by 7.24%, 10.47%, 12.94%, 6.23%, 7.99%, and 11.25% in 2022 and 2023, respectively. In summary, under the conditions of this experiment, foliar spraying of silicon preparations at the VT stage had the most significant effect on increasing yield in summer maize production in coastal light to moderate saline-alkali soil. This effect was mainly attributed to the alleviation of oxidative stress, improvement of photosynthetic performance, and promotion of biomass accumulation and transportation.

Effects of row spacing and planting patterns on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of wheat

ZHANG Zhen, HE Jian-Ning, SHI Yu, YU Zhen-Wen, ZHANG Yong-Li

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2396-2407.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31071

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To study the effects of different row spacings on wheat yield and dry matter accumulation and transport under wide-precision planting technology, clarify the physiological mechanism of high yield and high efficiency, and provide theoretical basis and technical support for the further promotion of wide-precision planting technology in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, two planting methods of wide-precision planting (K) and conventional drilling (T) were set up with ‘Jimai 22’ as the experimental material under three row spacings of 20 cm (R1), 25 cm (R2) and 30 cm (R3) in the wheat growth season of 2017-2019. The differences of photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and distribution, and ¹³C assimilation distribution characteristics of wheat flag leaves between wide precision sowing and conventional drilling planting under different row spacing were analyzed. The results showed that under the same planting method, the net photosynthetic rate of flag leaf, dry matter accumulation at anthesis and maturity, the distribution and contribution rate of dry matter in grain after anthesis, and grain yield of wheat under R2 treatment were significantly higher than those under R1 and R3 treatments. Under R2 row spacing, the leaf area index, photosynthetically active radiation interception rate at filling stage and the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of flag leaves at 14, 21, and 28 days after flowering in K treatment were significantly higher than those in T treatment. In the two years, K treatment increased grain yield by 8.67% compared with T treatment by increasing panicle number and grain weight. The results of ¹³C tracing showed that the distribution amount and proportion of ¹³C assimilates in flag leaves of R2K treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments. The dry matter accumulation and single stem weight at anthesis and maturity stages, the distribution of dry matter to grains after flowering and the contribution rate to grains were the highest in R2K treatment, which were significantly higher than other treatments, and the highest grain yield was obtained. In summary, the planting pattern of 25 cm row spacing and wide precision sowing is the best planting pattern for high yield and high efficiency of wheat under the conditions of this experiment.

RESEARCH NOTES

Optimization of regeneration system from hypocotyls of Brassica oleracea L.

ZHAO Mei, LIU Yi-Wei, SHI Xiang-Tian, LI Ya-Li, SHEN Shu-Lin, YIN Neng-Wen, ZHAO Hui-Yan, FU Ying, QU Cun-Min

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2408-2414.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34204

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Addressing the challenges of a difficult regeneration system and low culture efficiency in the tissue culture process of Brassica oleracea L., this study focused on using the hypocotyl of Brassica albograbra Bailey as explants, which was identified as a key influencing factor in in vitro culture. A comparative analysis was conducted to assess the effects of light/dark culture time, NaClO disinfection time, and hormone ratio on the differentiation and regeneration of Brassica oleracea L. seeds and adventitious buds. The results showed that the best growth of sterile seedlings was achieved when the seeds were disinfected with 75% anhydrous ethanol for 40 s + 5% NaClO 15 minutes. The seeds were then cultured in the dark for 3 d and then, followed by 3 d in the light. The optimal hormone combination for the pre-culture medium was 0.05 mg L^-1 NAA+4 mg L^-1 6-BA. In the screening culture medium, the optimal hormone combination was 0.05 mg L^-1 NAA + 4 mg L^-1 6-BA + 250 mg L^-1 Cb (Carbenicillin) incidence of 91.1% and a differentiation rate of adventitious buds of 57.3%. For the rooting medium MS+30 g L^-1 sucrose+7 g L^-1 agar+0.1 mg L^-1 NAA+0.1% activated carbon yielded a large number of adventitious roots with well-developed root systems and strong growth potential. The optimized tissue culture system established in this study for Brassica oleracea L. allows for the rapid production of regenerated plants. This system is beneficial for accelerating the breeding and evaluation of improved varieties of Brassica oleracea L.

Effect of green manure on wheat and maize yields in diversified cropping patterns in an arid irrigated agricultural area

LIU Zhi-Peng, GOU Zhi-Wen, CHAI Qiang, YIN Wen, FAN Zhi-Long, HU Fa-Long, FAN Hong, WANG Qi-Ming

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2024, 50(9):  2415-2424.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.41005

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To investigate the impact of multiple cropping with leguminous green manure on yield performance indicators of wheat and maize in diversified cropping patterns, and to establish a high-yield technology pathway for crops in arid irrigation areas through the application of leguminous green manure, a field positioning experiment was conducted in 2017. Leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR), grain yield (GY), and the response characteristics of yield components were assessed from 2019 to 2021 to determine the feasibility of enhancing crop diversification and improving crop yield through the use of green manure. The experiment consisted of five cropping patterns with varying levels of crop diversification: monoculture maize (M), monoculture wheat (W) with a once-a-year harvest, wheat multiple cropped with green manure (W-G) and wheat intercropped with maize (W||M) with a twice-a-year harvest, and wheat multiple cropped with green manure intercropped with maize (W-G||M) with a thrice-a-year harvest. The results indicated that the mixed grain yield of different cropping systems increased with the level of crop diversification. The twice-a-year harvest pattern W||M showed significantly higher yield than W and M, while W-G exhibited significantly higher yield than W. The three-harvest-a-year pattern W-G||M showed significantly higher yield than W||M and W-G. Under net acreage, the grain yield of both component crops increased with higher levels of diversification. Yield performance indicators such as LAI, LAD, and late phenological stage CGR of the main crop also increased with increasing levels of crop diversification. Regarding yield components, the number of kernels in the spike of wheat and the number of ears of maize increased with higher levels of crop diversification. W-G showed significantly higher values than W for the number of kernels in the spike of wheat and the weight of 1000 kernels. Pathway analysis revealed that the yield increase in wheat was primarily attributed to the increase in the number of kernels in the ear, while the yield increase in maize was mainly due to the increase in the effective number of ears per unit area. The study demonstrated that increased levels of crop diversification led to higher grain yield and improved yield performance indicators of the main crop. Moreover, in arid irrigated areas, the implementation of legume green manure to enhance crop diversification in cropping systems can contribute to achieving higher yields.