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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (9): 2415-2424.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.41005

• RESEARCH NOTES • Previous Articles    

Effect of green manure on wheat and maize yields in diversified cropping patterns in an arid irrigated agricultural area

LIU Zhi-Peng(), GOU Zhi-Wen, CHAI Qiang*(), YIN Wen*(), FAN Zhi-Long, HU Fa-Long, FAN Hong, WANG Qi-Ming   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science / College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2024-01-23 Accepted:2024-05-21 Online:2024-09-12 Published:2024-06-03
  • Contact: *E-mail: chaiq@gsau.edu.cn; E-mail: yinwen@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20218);Natural Science Foundation of China(32101857);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(Green manure, CARS-22-G-12);Gansu Province Top Leading Talent Project(GSBJLJ-2022-23)

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Abstract:

To investigate the impact of multiple cropping with leguminous green manure on yield performance indicators of wheat and maize in diversified cropping patterns, and to establish a high-yield technology pathway for crops in arid irrigation areas through the application of leguminous green manure, a field positioning experiment was conducted in 2017. Leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR), grain yield (GY), and the response characteristics of yield components were assessed from 2019 to 2021 to determine the feasibility of enhancing crop diversification and improving crop yield through the use of green manure. The experiment consisted of five cropping patterns with varying levels of crop diversification: monoculture maize (M), monoculture wheat (W) with a once-a-year harvest, wheat multiple cropped with green manure (W-G) and wheat intercropped with maize (W||M) with a twice-a-year harvest, and wheat multiple cropped with green manure intercropped with maize (W-G||M) with a thrice-a-year harvest. The results indicated that the mixed grain yield of different cropping systems increased with the level of crop diversification. The twice-a-year harvest pattern W||M showed significantly higher yield than W and M, while W-G exhibited significantly higher yield than W. The three-harvest-a-year pattern W-G||M showed significantly higher yield than W||M and W-G. Under net acreage, the grain yield of both component crops increased with higher levels of diversification. Yield performance indicators such as LAI, LAD, and late phenological stage CGR of the main crop also increased with increasing levels of crop diversification. Regarding yield components, the number of kernels in the spike of wheat and the number of ears of maize increased with higher levels of crop diversification. W-G showed significantly higher values than W for the number of kernels in the spike of wheat and the weight of 1000 kernels. Pathway analysis revealed that the yield increase in wheat was primarily attributed to the increase in the number of kernels in the ear, while the yield increase in maize was mainly due to the increase in the effective number of ears per unit area. The study demonstrated that increased levels of crop diversification led to higher grain yield and improved yield performance indicators of the main crop. Moreover, in arid irrigated areas, the implementation of legume green manure to enhance crop diversification in cropping systems can contribute to achieving higher yields.

Key words: crop diversification, green manure, intercropping, multiple cropping, yield performance

Fig. 1

Dynamics of leaf area index changes throughout the growth stages of wheat, maize, and intercropping in different treatments W-G||M: multiple cropping green manure after wheat harvested in wheat||maize intercropping; W||M: wheat||maize intercropping; W-G: spring wheat-green manure multiple cropping; M: monocropping maize; W: monocropping spring wheat."

Fig. 2

Total leaf area duration throughout the growth stages of crop populations in different treatments Different lowercase letters within the same year indicate significant differences among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 3

Crop growth rate for different cropping systems W-G||M: multiple cropping green manure after wheat harvested in wheat||maize intercropping; W||M: wheat||maize intercropping; W-G: spring wheat-green manure multiple cropping; M: monocropping maize; W: monocropping spring wheat."

Table 1

Grain yield of wheat and maize in different treatments in 2019-2021"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 籽粒产量Grain yield (kg hm-2)
小麦Wheat 玉米Maize 总产量Total grain yield
2019 W-G||M 4118±90 c 9591±857 b 13,709±838 a
W||M 3731±108 d 9051±196 b 12,782±299 a
M — 11,920±567 a 11,920±567 b
W-G 6588±128 a — 6588±128 c
W 6203±346 b — 6203±346 c
2020 W-G||M 3071±214 c 10,907±240 b 13,979±398 a
W||M 3016±22 c 9840±183 c 12,856±198 b
M — 11,952±586 a 11,952±586 c
W-G 6761±195 a — 6761±195 d
W 5874±118 b — 5874±118 e
2021 W-G||M 3817±109 c 9800±558 b 13,617±574 a
W||M 3278±59 d 8802±173 c 12,080±206 b
M — 13,157±784 a 13,157±784 b
W-G 6647±658 a — 6647±658 c
W 5858±387 b — 5858±387 d
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
种植模式Cropping pattern (C) 0*** 0*** 0***
年份Year (Y) 0.001** 0.033* 0.967
种植模式×年份 C×Y 0.016* 0.007** 0.033*

Table 2

Composition of wheat and maize yields by different cropping patterns under net acreage in 2019-2021"

年份Year 处理Treatment 穗数
Spike number (×104 ear hm-2)		 穗粒数
Kernel number per spike		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight (g)
小麦Wheat 玉米Maize 小麦Wheat 玉米Maize 小麦Wheat 玉米Maize
2019 W-G||M 872.73±14.60 a 9.48±0.48 a 40.93±1.76 a 606.87±6.91 a 47.00±1.25 a 430.06±6.87 a
W||M 876.87±23.61 a 8.86±0.19 a 38.11±2.02 ab 546.40±23.85 b 42.60±2.00 b 401.42±7.03 b
M — 7.73±0.23 b — 549.40±37.20 b — 397.28±9.42 b
W-G 876.40±14.83 a — 36.77±1.80 b — 41.27±1.10 b —
W 851.31±20.77 a — 33.37±0.49 c — 40.37±0.67 b —
2020 W-G||M 851.33±8.36 a 9.57±0.17 a 35.87±0.25 a 592.67±6.47 a 48.20±1.87 a 429.06±10.81 a
W||M 840.73±8.44 a 9.10±0.15 b 30.67±0.83 c 538.93±13.63 c 41.31±1.31 c 414.56±2.22 a
M — 7.51±0.28 c — 566.27±10.74 b — 417.00±17.02 a
W-G 839.53±20.42 a — 32.17±0.97 b — 46.38±0.86 ab —
W 832.60±10.10 a — 26.80±0.35 d — 44.65±0.06 b —
2021 W-G||M 877.33±3.79 a 9.27±0.18 a 36.67±1.53 a 564.27±46.25 a 47.13±1.35 a 399.27±8.73 b
W||M 851.67±3.79 b 7.45±0.26 b 35.33±2.08 a 566.93±41.89 a 43.47±0.56 b 421.16±3.29 a
M — 7.50±0.12 b — 554.13±22.35 a — 428.79±5.86 a
W-G 843.33±3.21 bc — 35.00±1.00 a — 46.01±0.52 a —
W 837.33±6.66 c — 33.00±1.00 b — 43.71±1.37 b —

Fig. 4

Path analysis of yield components of wheat and maize SN: spike number of wheat; EN: ear number of maize; KNS: kernel number per spike; TKW: 1000-kernel weight; GY: grain yields; Solid line: direct path; Dashed line: indirect path; Bold value: decision coefficient; Thin body: value pathways."

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