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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (5): 1350-1362.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23036

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of green manure replanting and returning after wheat on following year’s maize root traits and water use efficiency in oasis irrigation area

WANG Yu-Long(), YU Ai-Zhong(), LYU Han-Qiang, LYU Yi-Tong, SU Xiang-Xiang, WANG Peng-Fei, CHAI Jian   

  1. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University/Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2022-04-21 Accepted:2022-09-05 Online:2023-05-12 Published:2022-09-20
  • Contact: *E-mail: yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Industrial Support Project of Gansu Provincial Department of Education(2021CYZC-54);Innovation Group of Basic Research in Gansu Province(20JR5RA037);Fuxi Outstanding Talent Cultivation Program of Gansu Agricultural University(Gaufx-04J01)

Abstract:

Long leisure time, high evaporation, and low water use efficiency in fallow period are the most prominent constraints for crop production in the northwest arid oasis irrigated agricultural region. In this study, the relationship between maize root traits and its water utilization under different green manure returning methods were investigated in this area. To determine the effects of different returning methods of green manure on soil water storage, root traits and water use efficiency of maize, a field experiment was carried out in a typical oasis irrigation region from 2020 to 2021. The treatments included tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in the soil (TG), no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on soil surface (NTG), harvesting and removing above ground green manure and tillage with root incorporated in the soil (T), no-tillage with above ground green manure harvested and removed (NT), and conventional tillage and fallow without green manure after spring wheat harvest (CT). The results indicated NTG and TG significantly increased soil water storage in 0-110 cm soil layer. Compared with CT, the average water storage of NTG and TG during the whole growth period increased by 14.0%-15.0% and 8.8%-12.0%, respectively. Compared with CT, the NTG and TG treatments increased root length (20.7%-26.0% and 19.9%-28.5%), root surface area (43.0%-52.9% and 41.3%-58.7%), root volume (45.7%-46.7% and 40.6%-46.7%), and root dry weight (48.0%-51.5% and 41.9%-50.2%), respectively. The NTG and TG significantly increased maize grain yield and its water use efficiency. Compared with CT, maize grain yield of NTG and TG increased 15.4%-34.3% and 19.1%-32.0%, the WUE of NTG and TG increased 19.5%-39.2% and 20.5%-34.8%, respectively. The root length and root surface area were positively related to soil water storage at maize jointing, tasseling, and silking stages. The root length, root surface area, root volume, and root dry weight were positively related with WUE at jointing, big trumpet, and silking stages. In conclusion, this study suggested the full quantity of green manure returned in the field was beneficial to increase soil water storage, optimize root traits, and thus improving the yield and water use efficiency in maize. Among them, no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on soil surface was recommend as a feasible green manure returning method in the oasis irrigation area.

Key words: rotation, green manure, maize, root, water use efficiency

Fig. 1

Mean daily precipitation and air temperature in the study area from 2020 to 2021"

Table 1

Experiment treatment and code"

处理代码
Treatment code
处理
Treatment
TG 绿肥全量翻压 Tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in the soil
NTG 绿肥地表覆盖免耕 No-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on soil surface
T 绿肥地上部移除根茬翻压 Tillage with root incorporated in the soil and above ground green manure removed
NT 绿肥地上部移除免耕 No-tillage with above ground manure removed
CT 传统翻耕、休闲 Conventional tillage and leisure

Fig. 2

Variations of soil water storage in 0-110 cm soil layer under different treatments TG: tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in the soil; T: tillage with root incorporated in the soil and above ground green manure removed; NTG: no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on soil surface; NT: no-tillage with above ground manure removed; CT: conventional tillage and leisure. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference within the same stage among the treatments at the 0.05 probability level. Error bars indicate standard errors (n = 3) in the figure."

Table 2

Root length of maize under different treatments (cm)"

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
拔节期
Jointing stage
大喇叭口期
Big trumpet stage
吐丝期
Silking stage
2020 CT 1266 b 5251 c 6302 d
NT 1305 b 5293 b 6868 cd
NTG 2436 a 6618 a 11,014 a
T 1406 b 5302 b 7163 c
TG 2544 a 6552 a 9892 b
2021 CT 1056 c 4002 c 5705 d
NT 1045 c 4411 b 6951 c
NTG 2176 a 5410 a 10,557 a
T 1042 c 4503 b 6544 cd
TG 1816 b 5601 a 9893 b

Table 3

Root surface area of maize under different treatments (cm2)"

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
拔节期
Jointing stage
大喇叭口期
Big trumpet stage
吐丝期
Silking stage
2020 CT 572 e 1347 b 2101 b
NT 646 d 1393 b 2294 b
NTG 1003 a 2002 a 3584 a
T 675 c 1387 b 2020 b
TG 974 b 1919 a 3301 a
2021 CT 383 b 1056 d 1621 d
NT 481 b 1323 c 2026 c
NTG 814 a 1758 a 3413 a
T 451 b 1405 c 2056 c
TG 927 a 1658 b 2812 b

Table 4

Root volume of maize under different treatments (cm3)"

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
拔节期
Jointing stage
大喇叭口期
Big trumpet stage
吐丝期
Silking stage
2020 CT 19 c 42 c 51 bc
NT 22 b 44 c 52 b
NTG 35 a 63 a 106 a
T 22 b 43 c 46 c
TG 32 a 54 b 101 a
2021 CT 16 b 38 b 39 c
NT 19 b 41 b 46 c
NTG 30 a 49 a 94 a
T 16 b 42 b 48 c
TG 30 a 54 a 68 b

Table 5

Dry weight of maize root under different treatments (g)"

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
拔节期
Jointing stage
大喇叭口期
Big trumpet stage
吐丝期
Silking stage
2020 CT 3 c 14 c 14 c
NT 3 bc 14 c 15 c
NTG 7 a 19 a 28 a
T 4 b 15 b 19 b
TG 7 a 18 a 29 a
2021 CT 2 c 9 c 12 c
NT 4 bc 9 c 17 b
NTG 6 a 14 a 26 a
T 3 bc 10 c 17 b
TG 5 ab 12 b 23 a

Fig. 3

Relations between soil water storage and maize root ** means that the correlation is significant difference at the 0.01 probability level."

Fig. 4

Grain yield and water use efficiency of maize in different treatments Treatments and abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference within the same year among the treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 6

Correlations between maize root traits and water use efficiency"

根系性状
Root trait
相关系数Correlation coefficient
拔节期Jointing stage 大喇叭口期Tasseling stage 吐丝期Silking stage
根长Root length 0.937** 0.928** 0.941**
根表面积Root surface area 0.934** 0.884** 0.959**
根体积Root volume 0.913** 0.909** 0.900**
根干重Dry weight of root 0.936** 0.918** 0.958**
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