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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (11): 3090-3099.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.34029

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of sowing date and density on stem, leaf growth, and yield formation in strip intercropping soybean

GAO Chao(), CHEN Ping, DU Qing, FU Zhi-Dan, LUO Kai, LIN Ping, LI Yi-Ling, LIU Shan-Shan, YONG Tai-Wen(), YANG Wen-Yu   

  1. College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2023-02-17 Accepted:2023-05-24 Online:2023-11-12 Published:2023-06-02
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(Soybean, CARS-04-PS20);Sichuan Science and Technology Plan(21NZZH0063)

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Abstract:

Based on the problems of weak light environment, variety and density selection in soybean-maize strip intercropping after rapeseed harvest in Southwest China, two varieties with different of maturity periods, Nanxiadou 25 (ND25, intermediate-late maturing, multi-branched) and Qihuang 34 (QH34, early maturing, less branched) were selected to explore the effects of sowing date (2021, S1: May 17, S2: May 27, S3: June 6; 2022, S1: May 10, S2: May 25, S3: June 9) and density (D1: 81,000 plants hm-2, D2: 101,000 plants hm-2, D3: 140,000 plants hm-2, D4: 171,000 plants hm-2) on the stem and leaf growth and yield formation of soybeans in strip intercropping. The results showed that at the same density, as the sowing date was delayed, the leaf area index of the two varieties decreased gradually at the beginning seed stage and the light transmittance inside the canopy increased gradually, the distribution ratio to pods of ND25 increased gradually and the lodging rate gradually decreased, while the distribution ratio to pods of QH34 to pods gradually decreased and the lodging rate gradually increased. At the same sowing date, with the increase of density, the leaf area index of the two varieties at the beginning seed stage gradually increased, the light transmittance gradually decreased, the dry matter distribution ratio of the pods gradually decreased, and the lodging rate gradually increased. Differences in light environment and dry matter distribution had different effects on the yield of different varieties. For ND25, S3 > S2 > S1 and D1 > D2 > D3 > D4, optimum yield was obtained with the yield of 1752.89 kg hm-2 at S3 and D1. For QH34, S1 > S2 > S3 and D3 > D2 > D1 > D4, optimum yield was obtained with the yield of 1538.64 kg hm-2 at S1 and D3. Therefore, intermediate-late maturing varieties should be appropriately sown later, while early maturing varieties should be appropriately sown earlier. Multi-branched varieties should be appropriately thinly planted, while less-branched varieties should be appropriately densely planted. The yield of soybeans can be increased through the synergy of sowing date and density for each variety.

Key words: soybean-maize strip intercropping, sowing date, density, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter allocation, yield

Fig. 1

Field planting image of soybean-maize strip intercropping"

Fig. 2

Internal light transmittance of soybean canopy under different sowing dates and densities ND25: Nanxiadou 25; QH34: Qihuang 34. Sowing date (S) 2021, S1: May 17; S2: May 27; S3: June 6; 2022, S1: May 10; S2: May 25; S3: June 9. Density (D) D1: 8.1×104 plants hm-2; D2: 10.1×104 plants hm-2; D3; 14×104 plants hm-2; D4: 17.1×104 plants hm-2. V5: the fifth trifoliate; R5: beginning seed. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference in the 0.05 probability level among the different densities of the same sowing date."

Fig. 3

SPAD of soybean leaves at different sowing dates and densities Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference in the 0.05 probability level among the different densities of the same sowing date."

Fig. 4

Leaf area index of soybean leaves at different sowing dates and densities Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. LAI: leaf area index. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference in the 0.05 probability level among the different densities of the same sowing date."

Fig. 5

Dry matter distribution of soybeans under different sowing dates and densities Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference in the 0.05 probability level for the same indicator at different densities of the same sowing date."

Fig. 6

Lodging rate of soybeans under different sowing dates and densities Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference in the 0.05 probability level among the different densities of the same sowing date."

Table 1

Yield composition of soybeans under different sowing dates and densities"

年份
Year		 品种
Variety		 播期
Sowing		 有效株数NEP (plant m-2) 单株粒数 GNP 百粒重 GW (g) 产量 Yield (kg hm-2)
D1 D2 D3 D4 D1 D2 D3 D4 D1 D2 D3 D4 D1 D2 D3 D4
2021 ND25 S1 6.99 c 8.21 b 8.59 ab 8.85 a 64.63 a 48.90 b 41.33 c 38.70 c 24.52 b 25.28 ab 25.56 a 25.92 a 1107.67 a 1014.10 ab 906.74 bc 887.55 c
S2 7.31 d 8.43 c 9.10 b 10.35 a 75.60 a 58.43 b 48.15 c 41.30 d 24.90 a 25.31 a 25.45 a 25.82 a 1375.87 a 1246.59 b 1115.39 c 1103.14 c
S3 7.72 d 9.07 c 10.48 b 11.25 a 88.47 a 66.53 b 49.90 c 43.93 d 25.28 a 25.40 a 25.59 a 26.23 a 1727.28 a 1533.45 b 1339.71 c 1296.28 c
QH34 S1 7.69 c 9.10 b 11.47 a 12.08 a 62.17 a 57.87 b 52.42 c 35.20 d 23.60 b 24.11 b 24.37 b 25.88 a 1127.71 c 1268.98 b 1465.43 a 1100.25 c
S2 7.50 d 8.65 c 10.71 b 11.35 a 53.00 a 49.67 a 41.70 b 27.67 c 22.78 b 23.22 b 23.49 ab 24.53 a 904.09 b 994.67 ab 1047.10 a 770.26 c
S3 7.28 c 8.37 b 10.16 a 10.71 a 38.36 a 37.58 a 33.27 b 22.77 c 20.62 b 21.54 b 22.97 a 23.64 a 575.86 c 677.40 b 775.76 a 575.99 c
2022 ND25 S1 7.05 d 8.56 c 9.20 b 10.00 a 68.77 a 55.67 b 46.23 c 42.25 c 25.32 a 25.87 a 25.31 a 25.17 a 1229.29 a 1231.40 a 1079.87 b 1066.96 b
S2 7.40 d 8.94 c 9.81 b 11.06 a 84.58 a 66.50 b 50.85 c 42.25 d 25.04 a 25.39 a 25.24 a 25.94 a 1567.65 a 1509.12 a 1258.34 b 1211.40 b
S3 7.79 d 9.26 c 10.42 b 11.76 a 89.93 a 69.10 b 51.85 c 45.06 d 25.38 a 25.45 a 25.79 a 25.87 a 1778.49 a 1628.73 b 1392.63 c 1369.61 c
QH34 S1 7.63 c 9.46 b 12.02 a 12.53 a 68.65 a 60.86 b 55.63 b 37.97 c 23.16 b 23.25 b 24.16 b 25.47 a 1212.16 c 1335.79 b 1611.85 a 1212.30 c
S2 7.34 d 9.17 c 11.03 b 11.63 a 55.12 a 49.59 a 43.19 b 30.25 c 22.70 b 23.07 b 23.54 ab 24.48 a 918.30 b 1047.43 a 1121.88 a 861.43 b
S3 7.08 c 8.94 b 10.48 a 10.96 a 46.88 a 44.93 a 38.75 b 22.70 c 21.33 c 22.52 b 23.22 ab 23.74 a 707.10 b 904.46 a 941.89 a 588.74 c
有效株数 单株粒数 百粒重 产量 有效株数 单株粒数 百粒重 产量
NEP (plant m-2) GNP GW (g) Yield (kg hm-2) NEP (plant m-2) GNP GW (g) Yield (kg hm-2)
F值
F-value		 ND25 年份Y 31.81** 38.26** 0.10 ns 53.63** 9.78** 26.47** 0.00 ns 43.17**
播期S 105.71** 127.12** 1.43 ns 181.24** 46.22** 229.72** 40.94** 493.83**
密度D 344.54** 644.65** 5.10** 60.05** 493.53** 241.61** 35.36** 85.48**
Y×S 2.60ns 2.89 ns 0.05 ns 3.49* 0.10 ns 2.53 ns 3.05 ns 2.17 ns
Y×D 4.14* 1.89 ns 1.30 ns 0.85 ns 2.64 ns 1.36 ns 0.06 ns 0.89 ns
S×D 7.45** 15.06** 0.47 ns 2.55* 3.19* 2.59* 1.41 ns 3.42**
Y×S×D 0.77 ns 0.91 ns 0.73 ns 0.32 ns 0.14 ns 0.95 ns 0.36 ns 1.50 ns
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