不同降水年型水分运筹对冬小麦产量及其构成的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21062

Abstract

Abstract:

To clarify the irrigation strategy for improving yield and its components, the relationship among precipitation, irrigation, yield, and its components was systemically studied under different rainfall conditions. In this experiment, Jimai 585 used as the experimental materials, and five irrigation treatments including W0 (rain fed), W1 (jointing), W2 (jointing, flowering), W3 (jointing, flowering, filling), and W4 (overwintering, jointing, flowering, filling) in the wheat season were set up from 2010 to 2017. The results were as follows: (1) wheat grain yield varied from 6400 to 6800 kg hm^-2under different irrigation treatment in most rainfall years, and spike numbers was positively correlated with grain yield (r = 0.860^*), the grain yield, grain numbers per spike, and thousand grain weight increased with the increase of irrigation amount, however, the yield increase rate decreased with each additional water (from 13.8% to 1.7%). (2) There was no obvious correlation between the total precipitation and stage precipitation and grain yield, but the impact of total precipitation on the thousand grain weight was higher than the other factors. Under the conditions of W0 and W1, the effect of total precipitation on the numbers per spike was greater than spike numbers, and vice versa after increasing irrigation. At the same time, the grain numbers per spike was significantly positively correlated with the precipitation before jointing, and the correlation between the grain numbers per spike and the precipitation from February 1 to jointing under W0 was greater than that from sowing to jointing, but it decreased with the increase of irrigation amount. With the exception of the correlation between W4 irrigation and grain numbers per spike and thousand grain weight was higher than that of precipitation, the correlation between two factors and precipitation was higher under W1-W3 conditions, which indicating that irrigation alleviate the adverse effect of insufficient precipitation on grain number per spike. (3) The number of grains per spike and thousand grain weight were the highest in a rainfall year characterized with more precipitation at early growth stages and less precipitation at later growth stages (precipitation before and after jointing 88.2 mm + 29 mm), and the highest yield was observed under 3 irrigation times, and there was no significant difference between 3 irrigation times and 2 irrigation times. In years characterized balanced rainfall (precipitation before and after jointing < 60 mm, 30-80 mm), lower and relatively stable yield and its component appeared, and the grain numbers per spike and thousand grain weight increased slightly after irrigation, but the difference in grain yield between 2 and 3 irrigation times was significant (yield increase rate: 10.5% and 22.9%) (the rainfall after jointing < 36 mm). In year characterized with less precipitation at early growth stages and more precipitation at later growth stages in (precipitation before and after jointing < 25 mm, 40 to 90 mm), the maximum grain number per spike increased by 1.5 to 7.1 grains when irrigation increased, and the grain yield of irrigation 3 times was 13.4% higher than that of irrigation 2 times when inadequate effective rainfall happened in April. In conclusion, when the precipitation before jointing was less than 60 mm (especially less than 25 mm), irrigation at jointing had an obvious effect on the increase of grain number per spike, 3 times irrigation promoted grain yield when the precipitation after jointing is less than 36 mm in a relatively balanced rainfall year type and no sufficient effective rainfall in April in years characterized with less precipitation at early stages and more precipitation at late stages, and irrigation 2 times was suggested to achieve the maximum grain yield in other rainfall years.

Key words: wheat, irrigation times, irrigation period, yield, precipitation

ZHANG Li-Hua, ZHANG Jing-Ting, DONG Zhi-Qiang, HOU Wan-Bin, ZHAI Li-Chao, YAO Yan-Rong, LYU Li-Hua, ZHAO Yi-An, JIA Xiu-Ling. Effect of water management on yield and its components of winter wheat in different precipitation years[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(9): 2539-2551.

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Correlation coefficient between average yield and its components of winter wheat with irrigation amount and precipitation at different stages under different irrigation treatments"

处理 Treatment	阶段 Stage	穗数 Spike number	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight	产量 Yield
W0	播种-12/31^# Sowing-12/31 ^#	-0.081	0.695	-0.129	0.395
	1/1-3/31 ^#	-0.561	0.749	-0.186	-0.266
	播种-1/31 ^# Sowing-1/31 ^#	-0.073	0.686	-0.181	0.395
	2/1-3/31 ^#	-0.685	0.797^*	0.040	-0.389
	播种-3/31 ^#Sowing-3/31 ^#	-0.199	0.765^*	-0.153	0.275
	4/1 ^#-收获 4/1^#-harvest	0.230	-0.527	-0.396	-0.078
	降水合计Total precipitation	-0.004	0.328	-0.541	-0.224
W1	播种-12/31^# Sowing-12/31^#	0.038	0.697	-0.113	0.235
	1/1-3/31 ^#	0.078	0.694	-0.329	-0.258
	播种-1/31^# Sowing-1/31 ^#	0.028	0.692	-0.168	0.210
	2/1-3/31 ^#	0.130	0.709	-0.117	-0.235
	播种-3/31^# Sowing-3/31 ^#	0.050	0.754^*	-0.172	0.141
	4/1^#-收获4/1^#-harvest	-0.474	-0.346	-0.470	-0.299
	降水合计 Total precipitation	-0.395	0.487	-0.632	-0.131
	灌水合计Total irrigation	0.170	-0.386	0.281	0.767^*
W2	播种-12/31^# Sowing-12/31^#	0.024	0.510	-0.270	0.345
	1/1-3/31 ^#	-0.143	0.682	-0.362	0.070
	播种-1/31^# Sowing-1/31^#	-0.002	0.511	-0.320	0.338
	2/1-3/31 ^#	-0.057	0.702	-0.150	0.050
	播种-3/31^# Sowing-3/31^#	-0.013	0.592	-0.313	0.310
	4/1^#-收获4/1^#-harvest	-0.602	-0.169	-0.391	-0.213
	降水合计 Total precipitation	-0.584	0.479	-0.710	-0.133
	灌水合计Total irrigation	0.341	0.292	-0.389	0.186
W3	播种-12/31^# Sowing-12/31^#	0.089	0.370	-0.257	0.401
	1/1-3/31 ^#	-0.089	0.667	-0.280	0.007
	播种-1/31^# Sowing-1/31^#	0.080	0.369	-0.311	0.368
	2/1-3/31 ^#	-0.083	0.726	-0.038	0.082
	播种-3/31^# Sowing-3/31^#	0.055	0.470	-0.284	0.343
	4/1^#-收获4/1^#-harvest	-0.446	-0.152	-0.469	-0.637
	降水合计Total precipitation	-0.363	0.364	-0.751	-0.233
	灌水合计Total irrigation	0.512	-0.290	0.347	0.475
W4	播种-12/31^# Sowing-12/31^#	0.237	0.274	-0.048	0.090
	1/1-3/31 ^#	-0.081	0.477	-0.172	-0.449
	播种-1/31^# Sowing-1/31^#	0.216	0.268	-0.100	0.059
	2/1-3/31 ^#	-0.045	0.536	0.043	-0.409
	播种-3/31^# Sowing-3/31^#	0.183	0.343	-0.080	-0.027
	4/1^#-收获 4/1^#-harvest	-0.589	-0.076	-0.533	-0.298
	降水合计 Total precipitation	-0.360	0.300	-0.592	-0.312
	灌水合计Total irrigation	-0.525	0.866^*	0.803^*	0.405

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Fig. 1

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处理Treatment	灌水时期 Irrigation stage	年份 Year
处理Treatment	灌水时期 Irrigation stage	2010-2011	2011-2012	2012-2013	2013-2014	2014-2015	2015-2016	2016-2017
W0	雨养R	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
W1	拔节J	62.2	87.4	82.7	111.9	89.5	80.0	67.4
W2	拔节+开花 J+An	154.1 (78.3+75.8)	179.3 (89.9+89.4)	144.4 (68.9+75.5)	191.5 (105.2+86.3)	161.1 (86.8+74.3)	155.7 (85.5+70.2)	130.2 (68.5+61.7)
W3	拔节+开花+灌浆J+An+F	184.8 (64.8+63.1+ 56.8)	205.7 (74.8+66.1+ 64.8)	201.0 (65.3+65.6+ 70.1)	260.4 (105.4+80.9+ 74.1)	216.6 (90.1+69.3+ 57.2)	211.2 (72.1+74.5+ 64.6)	191.1 (70.9+62.3+ 57.9)
W4	越冬+拔节+ 开花+灌浆O+J+An+F	242.8 (77.2+57.2+ 63.2+45.2)	230.6 (62.9+52.5+ 65.7+49.5)	205.3 (46.3+52.1+ 56.7+50.2)	256.3 (66.2+61.6+ 58.9+69.6)	284.3 (79.4+74.9+ 69.7+60.3)	314.1 (82.3+78.4+ 81.3+72.1)	246.7 (51.5+68.1+ 63.2+63.9)

年度 Year	拔节前+后降水量(前/后) Rainfall before and after jointing (before/after) (mm)	播种-1/31 ^# Sowing-1/31 ^#	2/1-3/31 ^#	4/1-4/30 ^#	5/1-5/31 ^#	6/1 ^#-收获 6/1 ^#-harvest	合计 Total
2010-2011	19.3+58.6(0.33)	6.2	13.1	2.2	46.0	10.4	77.9
2011-2012	50.6+34.4(1.47)	46.5	4.1	4.1	16.6	13.7	85.0
2012-2013	57.9+81.8/36.7(0.71/1.58)	47.5	10.4	24.6	12.1	45.1	139.7
2013-2014	22.3+44.9(0.50)	15.4	6.9	13.9	28.2	2.8	67.2
2014-2015	11.5+87.8(0.13)	8.1	3.4	29.1	53.1	5.6	99.3
2015-2016	88.2+29.0(3.04)	69.8	18.4	12.5	16.5	0.0	117.2
2016-2017	50.8+35.8(1.42)	40.3	10.5	19.0	16.4	0.4	86.6

降水年型 Precipitation years	年份 Year	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)
前少后多型Less before and more after type	2010-2011	667 d	30.2 b	41.07 b	6586 e
相对均衡型Relative equilibrium type	2011-2012	728 c	27.9 c	41.27 b	8301 c
相对均衡型Relative equilibrium type	2012-2013	711 c	28.6 c	32.15 c	7655 d
前少后多型Less before and more after type	2013-2014	800 a	26.7 d	43.18 a	9011 a
前少后多型Less before and more after type	2014-2015	645 e	31.0 b	43.13 a	8575 b
前多后少型More before and less after type	2015-2016	676 d	38.0 a	43.54 a	8839 a
相对均衡型Relative equilibrium type	2016-2017	752 b	30.1 b	40.93 b	8500 bc

阶段 Stage	穗数 Spike number	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight	产量 Yield
播种-12/31 ^# Sowing-12/31 ^#	0.076	0.522	-0.165	0.342
1/1-3/31 ^#	-0.216	0.681	-0.270	-0.191
播种-1/31 ^# Sowing-1/31 ^#	0.062	0.518	-0.219	0.322
2/1-3/31 ^#	-0.208	0.722	-0.042	-0.198
播种-3/31 ^# Sowing-3/31 ^#	0.014	0.602	-0.203	0.247
4/1 ^#-收获 4/1 ^#-harvest	-0.449	-0.258	-0.468	-0.342
降水合计Total precipitation	-0.410	0.407	-0.662	-0.057

处理 Treatment	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)
W0	583 c	28.9 b	39.56 bc	6247 d
W1	710 b	30.6 ab	38.14 c	7621 c
W2	746 ab	30.1 ab	41.33 ab	8670 b
W3	781 a	30.8 ab	42.36 a	9252 a
W4	736 b	31.4 a	42.38 a	9318 a

Effect of water management on yield and its components of winter wheat in different precipitation years

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灌水次数 Irrigation times	穗数 Spike number	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight
0	0.860^*	0.081	-0.192
1	0.176	0.161	0.648
2	0.134	0.388	0.465
3	0.385	0.150	0.563
4	-0.072	0.091	0.632

降水年型 Types of rainfall	年份 Year	灌水次数 Irrigation times	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)
前少后多型 Less before and more after type	2010-2011	0	456 c	27.5 c	41.61 ab	3877 d
		1	689 b	29.8 b	37.51 c	5881 c
		2	729 a	29.7 b	40.95 b	7014 b
		3	729 a	32.3 a	43.54 a	7951 a
		4	732 a	31.6 a	41.75 ab	8207 a
	2013-2014	0	642 d	26.6 b	40.08 b	6748 c
		1	773 c	26.9 ab	40.88 b	8801 b
		2	860 b	25.3 c	44.64 a	9722 a
		3	923 a	26.6 b	45.71 a	9992 a
		4	802 c	28.1 a	44.57 a	9790 a
	2014-2015	0	644 a	27.1 d	42.04 b	6798 d
		1	659 a	30.3 c	40.87 c	8237 c
		2	652 a	31.4 bc	43.75 ab	9126 b
		3	659 a	32.0 b	44.45 a	9153 b
		4	613 b	34.2 a	44.54 a	9889 a
相对均衡型 Relative equilibrium type	2011-2012	0	590 d	26.7 b	41.15 ab	6637 d
		1	679 c	29.8 a	39.59 b	7893 c
		2	767 b	26.9 b	41.07 ab	8301 b
		3	793 ab	27.6 b	42.32 a	9177 a
		4	811 a	28.7 a	42.23 a	9495 a
	2012-2013	0	607 d	27.0 b	31.25 b	6484 b
		1	696 c	29.7 a	29.19 c	6730 b
		2	717 bc	28.6 a	34.22 a	8277 a
		3	794 a	28.7 a	32.71 ab	8223 a
		4	741 b	28.8 a	33.40 a	8558 a
	2016-2017	0	623 d	30.3 a	37.61 b	6757 d
		1	779 b	30.6 a	37.80 b	7296 c
		2	789 b	29.1 b	41.91 a	8237 b
		3	834 a	29.6 ab	43.20 a	10,122 a
		4	745 c	31.0 a	44.11 a	10,087 a
前多后少型 More before and less after type	2015-2016	0	520 c	37.1 b	43.19 b	6425 d
		1	698 b	36.8 b	41.13 c	8508 c
		2	719 ab	39.6 a	42.78 b	10,009 a
		3	735 a	38.9 ab	44.56 ab	10,148 a
		4	706 ab	37.5 b	46.03 a	9369 b

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