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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (11): 3100-3109.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21070

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Effects of interaction of nitrogen level and sowing rate on yield, growth, and ecological field characteristics of winter wheat

ZHOU Qi(), LI Lan-Tao, ZHANG Lu-Lu, MIAO Yu-Hong, WANG Yi-Lun()   

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
  • Received:2022-11-04 Accepted:2023-02-21 Online:2023-11-12 Published:2023-03-07
  • Supported by:
    14th Five-Year National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1901001-08)

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Abstract:

The objective of this study is to study the effects of different nitrogen level and sowing rate on the yield, growth and development, and ecological field characteristics of winter wheat, to explore the relationships between the wheat population competitiveness and its yield based on the ecological field theory, and to find a balance between nitrogen level and sowing dates for high yield and high efficiency in winter wheat. Field experiments were established as a split-plot design of five nitrogen levels (0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg hm-2) and four sowing rates (135, 180, 225, and 270 kg hm-2) from 2020 to 2022 at Wen County, Henan Province. The grain yield, nitrogen accumulation, growth and development indexes (i.e., plant height, crown width, and tillering) were measured and calculated for the aforementioned treatments. Results showed that the optimal sowing rate were both 225 kg hm-2 for the two growing seasons, and the correspondingly nitrogen rates were 270 kg hm-2 and 180 kg hm-2, respectively, which achieving the highest grain yield. Compared to the other treatments, the yield increased by 7.5% and 18.1% with the optimal nitrogen and sowing rate treatment combinations. Moreover, nitrogen accumulation increased by 57.3% for nitrogen application treatments, and the potential energy of growth was increased by 72.7%. However, the tillering increased by 34.7%, and the development level per plant decreased with the sowing rates increased, the potential energy of growth decreased by 11.4%. Plant height and crown width were also significantly influenced by nitrogen level and the sowing rate. Compared to the 135 kg hm-2 sowing rate and without nitrogen, the scope of ecological field increased by 23.0% in the other treatments. The relationship between winter wheat population ecological field area and yield was a quadratic function. When nitrogen was applied and seeding rate was increased, the population ecological field area of winter wheat increased by 116.7% and 52.5%, respectively. The appropriate N level and sowing rate in winter wheat for improved growth, yield, and ecological field characteristics in the experimental area was 239.8 kg N hm-2 and 228.7 kg hm-2, respectively, which could be extended to the application in the northern of Henan.

Key words: winter wheat, nitrogen fertilizer, sowing rate, yield, ecological field, interact with each other

Table 1

Physical-chemical properties of the experimental soils"

年份
Year		 有机质
Organic matter (g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N (g kg-1)		 有效磷
Available P (mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K (mg kg-1)
2021 14.75 0.50 16.43 171.88
2022 9.45 0.49 17.42 175.31

Table 2

Seedling emergence with different sowing rate (×106 plants hm-2)"

年份
Year		 播种量Sowing rate (kg hm-2)
135 (D1) 180 (D2) 225 (D3) 270 (D4)
2021 2.01 3.02 3.81 4.55
2022 2.23 2.79 3.27 3.87

Fig. 1

Effects of N rate and sowing rate on winter wheat yield"

Fig. 2

Effects of N rate and sowing rate on nitrogen accumulation in the aboveground of winter wheat at mature stage N0, N90, N180, N270, and N360 denote nitrogen fertilizer application of 0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg hm-2. D1, D2, D3, and D4 denote sowing rate of 135, 180, 225, and 270 kg hm-2. Different lowercases of the same seeding rates mean significant differences among different N treatments at the 5% probability level."

Table 3

Effects of N rate and sowing rate on winter wheat growth index in 2021"

处理
Treatment		 越冬期 Z18
Overwintering stage		 拔节期 Z31
Jointing stage		 扬花期 Z60
Flowering stage
播种量
Sowing rate		 施氮量
N rate		 株高
Plant height
(mm)		 冠幅
Canopy width
(cm)		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 冠幅
Canopy width
(cm)		 单株分蘖
Tillering		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 冠幅
Canopy width
(cm)		 单株分蘖
Tillering
D1 N0 31.7 b 24.2 a 9.4 b 29.3 a 2.7 b 75.3 a 23.6 b 2.2 b
N90 33.6 ab 24.8 a 10.8 ab 30.5 a 2.8 b 76.6 a 27.0 ab 2.6 a
N180 33.8 ab 25.4 a 11.0 a 31.5 a 3.3 ab 80.8 a 27.5 a 2.7 a
N270 35.5 a 22.4 a 11.5 a 31.5 a 3.3 ab 80.8 a 27.7 a 2.6 a
N360 36.4 a 25.0 a 10.3 ab 31.3 a 3.4 a 80.2 a 27.9 a 2.5 a
D2 N0 32.2 c 23.7 a 10.7 a 31.3 a 2.6 b 77.2 a 21.7 c 1.6 c
N90 35.1 bc 24.3 a 10.9 a 31.4 a 3.3 a 78.7 a 23.2 bc 1.8 ab
N180 37.6 ab 24.8 a 11.2 a 32.2 a 3.4 a 80.9 a 23.9 bc 1.9 a
N270 39.4 a 23.7 a 11.6 a 32.5 a 3.0 ab 81.4 a 24.8 b 1.9 a
N360 40.2 a 23.5 a 11.0 a 33.1 a 2.7 b 80.3 a 27.5 a 1.7 b
D3 N0 33.0 c 23.6 a 10.8 b 30.6 b 2.2 b 78.2 a 21.3 c 1.3 b
N90 36.1 b 23.9 a 11.0 ab 30.9 b 2.3 b 79.0 a 23.1 b 1.5 ab
N180 38.5 ab 24.3 a 11.2 ab 32.3 a 2.3 b 81.3 a 23.7 ab 1.6 a
N270 40.1 a 22.3 a 12.0 a 31.1 b 2.8 a 82.6 a 23.8 ab 1.7 a
N360 40.2 a 22.1 a 10.7 b 31.0 b 2.4 b 81.5 a 24.8 a 1.6 ab
D4 N0 32.5 d 23.3 a 10.8 a 29.6 b 2.5 a 78.2 a 18.7 c 1.1 b
N90 35.5 c 23.6 a 12.0 a 31.5 ab 2.7 a 80.3 a 22.7 b 1.4 a
N180 37.8 b 23.8 a 12.1 a 32.5 a 2.9 a 82.8 a 23.5 ab 1.4 a
N270 38.5 ab 25.2 a 12.2 a 33.0 a 2.8 a 83.1 a 23.6 ab 1.5 a
N360 40.6 a 22.4 a 10.9 a 32.0 ab 2.6 a 82.1 a 24.4 a 1.4 a

Fig. 3

Effects of N rate and sowing rate on individual ecological potential of winter wheat Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Z18, Z31, and Z60 correspond to the overwintering stage, jointing stage, and flowering stages of winter wheat (Zadoks standard)."

Fig. 4

Relationship between ecological field and yield of winter wheat under different N rate and sowing rate Z18, Z31, and Z60 correspond to the overwintering stage, jointing stage, and flowering stages of winter wheat (Zadoks standard)."

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