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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (3): 695-708.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34097

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of biochar application on dry matter accumulation, transport, and distribution of foxtail millet and soil physicochemical properties

LI Bo-Yang1(), YE Yin2, CHU Rui-Wen1, JING Miao3, ZHANG Sui-Qi4, YAN Jia-Kun1,*()   

  1. 1College of Life Sciences, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, Shaanxi, China
    2Jiujiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, Jiangxi, China
    3Yulin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yulin 719000, Shaanxi, China
    4State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2023-06-09 Accepted:2023-09-13 Online:2024-03-12 Published:2023-09-27
  • Contact: *E-mail: himingse@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31960223);Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2021NY-101);Shaanxi Youth Science and Technology New Star Project(2023KJXX-072);Young Talent Support Program of Shaanxi University, the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-06-14.5-B27);Graduate Innovation Fund Project of Yulin University(2023YLYCX08)

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Abstract:

Foxtail millet is an important minor crop in North China. Biochar could increase the yield production of foxtail millet, but the effects of biochar on the dry matter accumulation and transport of foxtail millet and the soil physical and chemical properties have not been studied detailly. To explore the effects of biochar adding on dry matter accumulation, transport, and distribution in foxtail millet and soil, a new reclamation land in Mu Us desert was selected to conduct a field experiment in 2021 and 2022 with ‘Yugukang 1’ as the experimental material. In this experiment, there were one control group (CK, biochar addition 0 t hm-2) and 3 test groups with 3.0 t hm-2 (C1), 4.5 t hm-2 (C2), and 6.0 t hm-2 (C3), respectively. The results showed that, compared with CK, the grain yield and the total dry material quality were significantly increased by 12.22%-53.70% and 9.62%-40.62%, respectively. Biochar application significantly increased the dry weight of foxtail millet leaves from the top one leaf (flag leaf) to the top thirteen leaves at 0 (flowering stage), 7, 14, 21, 28, and 45 days after flowering. Biochar increased the net photosynthetic rate at flowering stage, the amount of assimilates accumulated after flowering, the contribution rate of assimilates accumulated after flowering to grain yield, and the dry matter distribution ratio of ears at harvest, but the latter three indexes showed a slight downward trend with the increase application amount of biochar. The total dry matter distribution ratio of stems and leaves at harvest stage decreased and 1000-grain weight and harvest index increased first and then decreased with the increase application amount of biochar. Correlation analysis revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between foxtail millet yield and stem weight at harvest stage (R2 = 0.68), the total above-ground weight at harvest stage (R2 = 0.71), and the total plant weight at harvest stage (R2 = 0.70). Biochar application could also effectively improve the activities of soil catalase, urease, and sucrase, and significantly increase the content of soil available nitrogen and phosphorus, among which C2 (4.5 t hm-2) treatment had a greater improvement. In conclusion, biochar could improve soil quality, increase net photosynthetic rate of foxtail millet at flowering stage, increase the accumulation of photosynthetic products in vegetative organs after flowering, and increase the proportion of dry matter distribution in ears, so as to increase yield of foxtail millet finally.

Key words: biochar, foxtail millet, dry matter, yield, soil physiochemical properties

Table 1

Properties of biochar, loessal soil, and sandy soil"

土壤类型
Soil type		 沙粒
Sand (%)		 粉粒
Silt (%)		 黏粒
Clay (%)		 容重BD
(g cm-3)		 全氮
TN (%)		 全磷
TP (%)		 有机质
OM (%)
沙土 Sand soil 94.5 4.4 1.1 1.72 0.07 0.23 0.15
黄土 Loessal soil 8.8 69.1 22.1 1.62 0.12 0.32 0.25
生物炭 Biochar — — — 0.35 1.40 0.46 50.60

Fig. 1

Effects of biochar application on flag leaf photosynthetic parameters of foxtail millet CK: biochar addition 0 t hm-2; C1: biochar addition 3.0 t hm-2; C2: biochar addition 4.5 t hm-2; C3: biochar addition 6.0 t hm-2. Different lowercase letters in the same phase indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. * and ** represent significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. Y represents the year, T represents the different treatment, and Y×T represents the cross-action of the year and the treatment."

Fig. 2

Effect of biochar application on dry matter accumulation of millet A-M represent millet inverted one leaf (flag leaf), inverted two leaves, inverted three leaves, inverted four leaves, inverted five leaves, inverted six leaves, inverted seven leaves, inverted eight leaves, inverted nine leaves, inverted ten leaves, inverted eleven leaves, inverted twelve leaves, and inverted thirteen leaves, respectively. N, O, and P represent the changes in leaf weight, stem weight, and panicle weight of a single plant during millet harvest period. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Table 2

Effects of biochar application on leaf weight, stem weight, and gross aboveground weight of millet at flowering stage"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 茎重
Stem weight
(g plant-1)		 叶重
Leaf weight
(g plant-1)		 地上部总重
Gross aboveground weight
(g plant-1)
2021 CK 10.64±3.04 a 5.05±1.32 a 19.95±5.67 a
C1 10.70±3.21 a 5.21±1.54 a 19.27±5.67 a
C2 8.33±0.70 a 4.16±0.12 a 15.09±1.15 a
C3 9.03±0.40 a 4.71±0.58 a 16.10±1.51 a
2022 CK 12.59±0.76 a 5.58±0.28 a 21.70±1.34 a
C1 12.91±1.54 a 6.09±0.65 a 23.06±2.63 a
C2 12.96±0.06 a 6.19±0.63 a 23.28±0.93 a
C3 13.37±0.40 a 6.39±0.13 a 23.92±0.64 a
年份Year 0.003 0.010 0.006
生物炭施加量Amount of biochar applied (BCA) NS NS NS
年份×生物炭施加量Year×BCA NS NS NS

Table 3

Effects of biochar application on leaf weight, stem weight, and gross above-ground weight of millet harvest"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 茎重
Stem weight
(g plant-1)		 叶重
Leaf weight
(g plant-1)		 地上部总重
Gross aboveground weight
(g plant-1)
2021 CK 7.23±1.59 b 3.28±1.23 a 28.01±7.39 a
C1 10.87±1.40 ab 3.79±0.82 a 37.29±7.70 a
C2 13.17±0.62 a 4.16±0.35 a 39.39±0.57 a
C3 11.53±1.85 ab 3.65±0.66 a 32.70±7.79 a
2022 CK 11.91±2.10 a 4.04±0.78 a 29.55±6.05 a
C1 11.97±2.65 a 4.24±1.12 a 32.40±9.21 a
C2 12.06±2.23 a 4.40±0.72 a 33.32±3.85 a
C3 14.94±2.19 a 4.46±0.94 a 39.04±6.53 a
年份Year NS NS NS
生物炭施加量Amount of biochar applied (BCA) NS NS NS
年份×生物炭施加量 Year×BCA NS NS NS

Fig. 3

Effect of biochar application on dry matter transport of millet Different lowercase letters in the same phase indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Fig. 4

Effects of biochar application on the proportion of dry matter distribution in various vegetative organs at flowering and harvest stages of millet Different lowercase letters in the same phase indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Table 4

Effects of biochar application on millet yield, 1000-seed weight, and harvest index"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 产量
Yield (kg hm-2)		 千粒重
1000-seed weight (g)		 收获指数
Harvest index (%)
2021 CK 3409.83±246.27 b 2.46±0.02 a 0.26±0.09 a
C1 3826.67±149.93 ab 2.44±0.06 a 0.21±0.05 a
C2 4093.50±457.87 a 2.30±0.03 b 0.20±0.02 a
C3 4249.83±109.28 a 2.40±0.03 a 0.26±0.06 a
2022 CK 3092.67±175.23 c 2.71±0.01 b 0.21±0.04 a
C1 3931.67±289.44 b 2.72±0.00 b 0.25±0.06 a
C2 4246.50±606.44 ab 2.76±0.01 a 0.25±0.02 a
C3 4753.50±433.89 a 2.68±0.01 c 0.23±0.04 a
年份Year NS NS NS
生物炭施加量Amount of biochar applied (BCA) 0 0 NS
年份×生物炭施加量 Year×BCA NS 0.007 NS

Table 5

Correlation of yield, biomass, and photosynthetic parameters"

性状
Trait		 FPPn FPTr FPGs HPGY HPTSW HPSY HPFLH HPSPW HPLW HPSTW HPGAW HPPW FPFLW FPSKW FPLW FPSTW FPGAW FPPW
FPPn 0.44 0.40 0.61 0.68* 0.61 0.60 0.03 0.80** 0.68* 0.37 0.28 0.80** 0.53 0.93** 0.83** 0.84** 0.76*
FPTr 0.97** −0.35 0.90** −0.35 0.54 −0.71* 0.44 0.17 −0.43 −0.52 0.86** 0.48 0.70* 0.84** 0.78* 0.84**
FPGs −0.40 0.91** −0.40 0.53 −0.71* 0.40 0.02 −0.49 −0.57 0.85** 0.49 0.70* 0.82** 0.77* 0.82**
HPGY −0.08 1.00** 0.32 0.52 0.53 0.68* 0.71* 0.70* 0.03 −0.01 0.31 0.09 0.13 0.00
HPTSW −0.08 0.51 −0.62 0.49 0.19 -0.35 −0.43 0.95** 0.49 0.89** 0.92** 0.88** 0.88**
HPSY 0.32 0.52 0.53 0.68* 0.71* 0.70* 0.03 −0.01 0.31 0.09 0.13 0.00
HPFLH −0.10 0.92** 0.69* 0.28 0.21 0.58 0.20 0.60 0.62 0.56 0.54
HPSPW 0.14 0.32 0.89** 0.92** −0.41 −0.16 −0.27 −0.36 −0.31 −0.39
HPLW 0.84** 0.53 0.45 0.64* 0.34 0.71* 0.70* 0.66* 0.62
HPSW 0.71* 0.65* 0.35 0.10 0.45 0.42 0.38 0.34
HPGAW 0.99** −0.11 −0.05 0.04 −0.04 −0.03 −0.10
HPPW −0.21 −0.13 −0.05 −0.14 −0.13 −0.21
FPFLW 0.66* 0.95** 0.99** 0.97** 0.97**
FPSPW 0.63* 0.69* 0.79** 0.81**
FPLW 0.96** 0.96** 0.91**
FPSTW 0.99** 0.98**
FPGAW 0.99**
FPPW

Fig. 5

Effects of amounts of biochar on soil physicochemical properties Different lowercase letters in the same phase indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. ** and ** represent significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. Y represents the year, T represents the different treatment, and Y×T represents the cross-action of the year and the treatment. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Fig. 6

Effects of biochar application amounts on soil enzyme activity Different lowercase letters in the same phase indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. * and ** represent significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. Y represents the year, T represents the different treatment, and Y×T represents the cross-action of the year and the treatment. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

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