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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (11): 2818-2830.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31055

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Compensation mechanism of wheat yield with green manure returned to the field under reduced irrigation water in oasis irrigation areas

MAO Shou-Fa(), WEI Jin-Gui, CHAI Qiang(), FAN Zhi-Long, HU Fa-Long, YIN Wen, WANG Qi-Ming   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science / College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2023-10-08 Accepted:2024-05-21 Online:2024-11-12 Published:2024-07-04
  • Contact: *E-mail: chaiq@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20218);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-22-G-12);“Innovation Star” Program of Graduate Students in 2023 of Gansu Province(2023CXZX-681)

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Abstract:

The present study investigated the mechanisms governing yield composition, photosynthetic product accumulation, and distribution characteristics of spring wheat under reduced irrigation, in response to green manure. The findings can serve as a practical and theoretical foundation for the development of a new water-saving cropping system for wheat. The study was conducted in the Hexi Oasis irrigation area of Gansu Province, China, and involved a field positioning experiment on multiple cropping of wheat with green manure since 2017. In 2021-2022, we examined population growth dynamics, photosynthetic product accumulation, transportation distribution, and yield characteristics of wheat subjected to reduced irrigation and different green manure management methods. The experiment followed a split-plot design, with three irrigation levels as the main plot: 420 mm (I3, local conventional irrigation), 370 mm (I2), and 320 mm (I1). The three green manure treatments were assigned as the split plot: planting and returning green manure to the field (WG), planting green manure but not returning it to the field (WGR), and no green manure (W). This resulted in a total of nine treatments. The results indicated that reduced irrigation water alone led to a decrease in wheat yield and harvest index. However, returning green manure to the field compensated for the negative effects of reduced irrigation on yields. Compared to I3, I1 resulted in an 11.5% reduction in grain yield, a 3.8% reduction in biological yield, and an 8.1% reduction in harvest index. Grain yield in I2 decreased by 3.4%. WG increased grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index by 10.9%, 3.7%, and 8.0% respectively, compared to W. WGR increased grain yield and harvest index by 4.8% and 3.4% respectively, compared to W. WGI2 increased grain yield and harvest index by 7.2% and 5.3% respectively, compared to WI3. There were no significant differences in grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index among WGI1, WGRI2, and WI3. In other words, returning 100% of the green manure to the field not only compensated for the negative yield impact of a 100 mm reduction in irrigation water but also overcompensated for the negative effect caused by a 50 mm reduction in irrigation water. The negative effect of returning green manure to the field on wheat yield loss under reduced irrigation conditions can be attributed to two main factors. Firstly, returning green manure enhanced crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) during the late reproductive stage of wheat, leading to an increase in the number of spikes, grains per spike, and thousand-grain weight. Secondly, returning green manure increased dry matter accumulation and the contribution rate of wheat grain after anthesis, even with reduced irrigation water. In arid oasis irrigation areas, replanting green manure after wheat can be considered a viable measure to reduce irrigation water during the reproductive period of wheat. Green manure optimizes the accumulation and distribution of photosynthetic products in wheat, thereby compensating for yield penalty associated with reduced irrigation. Returning 100% of the green manure to the field has a high potential for water saving.

Key words: green manure incorporation, reduced irrigation, spring wheat, dry matter accumulation, yield, compensation effect

Fig. 1

Monthly precipitation and daily mean air temperature during the wheat growth period at the experiment station in 2021 and 2022"

Table 1

Irrigation scheme for different wheat green manure multiple cropping treatment"

灌溉时期
Irrigation time		 灌溉定额Irrigation quota
减量100 mm灌水(I1)
Reduce irrigation by 100 mm		 减量50 mm灌水(I2)
Reduce irrigation by 50 mm		 常规灌水(I3)
Traditional irrigation (mm)
单作小麦
Monoculture		 小麦复种箭筈豌豆
Wheat-common vetch multiple cropping		 单作小麦
Monoculture		 小麦复种箭筈豌豆
Wheat-common vetch multiple cropping		 单作小麦
Monoculture		 小麦复种箭筈豌豆
Wheat-common vetch
multiple cropping
小麦苗期
Seedling of wheat		 60 60 75 75 90 90
小麦孕穗期
Booting of wheat		 70 70 90 90 110 110
小麦灌浆期
Filling of wheat		 60 60 75 75 90 90
箭筈豌豆苗期
Seedling of
common vetch		 — 60 — 60 — 60
箭筈豌豆现蕾期
Buding of
common vetch		 — 70 — 70 — 70

Table 2

Green manure biomass yield in different treatments (kg hm-2)"

年份Year WGI1 WGRI1 WGI2 WGRI2 WGI3 WGRI3
2020 7004 6785 7845 7346 8199 8054
2021 7211 6421 7893 7243 8117 7946

Table 3

Yield and yield components of wheat under different treatments"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 生物产量
Biomass yield
(kg hm-2)		 收获指数 Harvest
index		 产量构成因素 Yield components
穗数
Spike number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Kernel number
per spike		 千粒重
Thousand-kernel weight (g)
2021 WGI1 7170 c 18,641 b 0.38 bc 707.4 de 39.1 cd 38.5 cd
WGRI1 6697 e 18,183 cd 0.37 d 663.8 f 37.8 d 37.5 d
WI1 6336 f 17,919 d 0.35 e 622.3 g 35.9 e 35.2 e
WGI2 7671 b 18,928 b 0.41 a 776.8 b 40.4 b 42.7 b
WGRI2 7264 c 18,837 b 0.39 bc 749.2 c 38.9 cd 40.1 c
WI2 7004 d 18,479 bc 0.38 c 690.7 ef 38.1 d 37.6 d
WGI3 7948 a 19,529 a 0.41 a 844.9 a 42.1 a 44.7 a
WGRI3 7641 b 18,793 b 0.41 a 802.0 b 40.6 b 42.6 b
WI3 7236 c 18,539 bc 0.39 b 732.4 cd 39.6 bc 40.0 c
2022 WGI1 7060 c 18,096 c 0.39 c 704.7 e 39.5 cd 38.1 cd
WGRI1 6541 e 17,632 f 0.37 e 663.1 g 37.1 f 37.2 d
WI1 6256 f 17,517 f 0.36 f 632.7 h 35.2 g 34.6 e
WGI2 7739 a 18,276 bc 0.43 a 779.1 c 40.6 abc 42.4 b
WGRI2 7157 c 18,183 bcd 0.39 c 746.2 d 39.1 de 39.7 c
WI2 6904 d 17,929 e 0.38 d 687.6 f 38.1 ef 40.0 d
WGI3 7759 a 19,001 a 0.41 b 841.2 a 41.7 a 44.4 a
WGRI3 7560 b 18,316 b 0.42 b 799.2 b 41.1 ab 42.1 b
WI3 7146 c 18,029 de 0.40 c 739.6 d 40.3 bcd 39.6 c
显著性 Significance
灌水水平 Irrigation level (I) ** ** ** ** ** **
绿肥处理方式 Green manure (G) ** ** ** ** ** **
灌水×绿肥 I×G * ** * * * NS

Table 4

Net assimilation rate of wheat under different treatments"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 净同化率 Net assimilation rate (g m-2 d-1)
苗期-拔节期 拔节-孕穗期 孕穗-开花期 开花-灌浆期
Seedling to jointing Jointing to booting Booting to anthesis Anthesis to filling
2021 WGI1 5.31 d 9.34 bc 7.71 d 5.31 b
WGRI1 5.18 e 9.19 d 7.35 e 4.96 e
WI1 5.18 e 9.15 d 7.14 f 4.84 f
WGI2 5.44 c 9.72 a 8.14 a 5.41 a
WGRI2 5.36 cd 9.27 bcd 7.95 b 5.33 b
WI2 5.20 e 9.23 cd 7.66 d 5.17 d
WGI3 5.72 b 9.60 a 7.88 bc 5.45 a
WGRI3 5.74 b 9.59 a 7.79 cd 5.27 bc
WI3 5.92 a 9.40 b 7.74 d 5.23 cd
2022 WGI1 4.89 c 9.24 ab 7.50 d 5.34 bc
WGRI1 4.67 f 8.94 c 7.19 e 5.12 d
WI1 4.38 g 8.64 d 7.08 e 4.63 e
WGI2 4.93 c 9.35 a 7.83 a 5.64 a
WGRI2 4.80 d 9.08 bc 7.77 a 5.28 c
WI2 4.73 e 8.94 c 7.47 d 5.19 d
WGI3 5.10 a 9.37 a 7.73 ab 5.60 a
WGRI3 5.03 b 9.34 a 7.64 bc 5.38 b
WI3 4.94 c 9.21 ab 7.55 cd 5.33 bc
显著性 Significance
灌水 Irrigation level (I) ** ** ** **
绿肥 Green manure (G) NS ** ** **
灌水×绿肥 I×G ** * ** **

Fig. 2

Dynamics of dry matter accumulation rate in wheat under different treatments I1: reduce irrigation by 100 mm (320 mm); I2: reduce irrigation by 50 mm (370 mm); I3: conventional irrigation (420 mm). WG: planting and returning green manure to field; WGR: planting but not returning green manure to field; W: no green manure."

Table 5

Dry matter transport characteristics of wheat under different treatments"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 花前干物质量DMABA 花后干物质量DMAAA
运转量 运转率 籽粒贡献率 积累量 贡献率
TA (kg hm-2) TR (%) CG (%) AA (kg hm-2) ACG (%)
2021 WGI1 1830 bc 12.72 bc 25.51 bc 5340 b 74.49 bc
WGRI1 1910 bc 13.36 bc 28.54 bc 4787 c 71.46 bc
WI1 2828 a 18.31 a 44.64 a 3508 d 55.36 d
WGI2 1927 bc 12.16 bc 25.10 bc 5744 ab 74.90 bc
WGRI2 1671 cd 11.71 c 23.01 cd 5592 ab 76.99 ab
WI2 2183 b 15.05 b 31.17 b 4820 c 68.83 c
WGI3 2055 bc 13.12 bc 25.85 bc 5894 a 74.15 bc
WGRI3 1922 bc 12.43 bc 25.15 bc 5719 ab 74.85 bc
WI3 1285 d 8.94 d 17.77 d 5951 a 82.23 a
2022 WGI1 1897 c 13.09 c 26.57 cd 5240 c 73.43 cd
WGRI1 1877 c 13.15 c 28.38 c 4735 d 71.62 d
WI1 2830 a 18.85 a 44.80 a 3491 e 55.20 f
WGI2 1995 c 12.97 c 26.06 cd 5662 b 73.94 cd
WGRI2 1576 d 10.88 d 21.80 ef 5657 b 78.20 ab
WI2 2228 b 15.08 b 32.25 b 4680 d 67.75 e
WGI3 1828 c 11.73 cd 23.31 de 6014 a 76.69 bc
WGRI3 1838 c 11.97 cd 24.06 de 5802 ab 75.94 bc
WI3 1333 e 9.15 e 18.47 f 5885 ab 81.53 a
显著性 Significance
灌水Irrigation level (I) * * ** ** **
绿肥Green manure (G) * * * ** *
灌水×绿肥I × G * * * * *

Fig. 3

Distribution difference of dry matter in organs of wheat at maturity stage under different treatments Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different letters in the figure indicate significant differences between different treatments within the same year (P < 0.05)."

Fig. 4

Correlation coefficient between yields and yield components, dry matter accumulation, and population growth characteristics of wheat under different treatments BY: biological yield; GY: grain yield; HI: harvest index; TA: dry matter transportation quantity before flowering; TR: dry matter transportation rate before flowering; CG: contribution of dry matter remobilization to grain pre-anthesis; AA: assimilation amount post-anthesis; ACG: contribution of dry matter accumulation to grain post-anthesis; CGR: crop growth rate; NAR: net assimilation rate; SN: spike number; KN: kernel number per spike; KW: 1000-kernel weight. ***, **, and * indicate significant correlation at the 0.001, 0.01, and 0.05 probability levels, respectively."

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