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作物学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (6): 893-903.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.81078

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

周年秸秆还田对农田土壤固碳及冬小麦-夏玉米产量的影响

李昊昱1,孟兆良1,庞党伟2,陈金2,侯永坤1,崔海兴1,金敏1,王振林1,*(),李勇1,*()   

  1. 1 山东农业大学农学院 / 作物生物学国家重点实验室
    2 山东农业大学生命科学学院, 山东泰安271018
  • 收稿日期:2018-10-21 接受日期:2019-01-19 出版日期:2019-06-12 网络出版日期:2019-06-12
  • 通讯作者: 王振林,李勇
  • 作者简介:E-mail: lhaoyu2016@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300400);本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0301001);国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(973计划)项目(2015CB150404);山东省泰山产业领军人才工程高效生态农业创新类和山东省重大应用技术创新项目(2014GJJS0201-5-2)资助

Effect of annual straw return model on soil carbon sequestration and crop yields in winter wheat-summer maize rotation farmland

Hao-Yu LI1,Zhao-Liang MENG1,Dang-Wei PANG2,Jin CHEN2,Yong-Kun HOU1,Hai-Xing CUI1,Min JIN1,Zhen-Lin WANG1,*(),Yong LI1,*()   

  1. 1 Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China;
    2 College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 201018, Shandong, China;
  • Received:2018-10-21 Accepted:2019-01-19 Published:2019-06-12 Published online:2019-06-12
  • Contact: Zhen-Lin WANG,Yong LI
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Research and Development Program(2016YFD0300400);This study was supported by the National Research and Development Program(2017YFD0301001);the National Basic Research Program of China(2015CB150404);the Shandong Mount Tai Program for Industrial Leading Talents, and the Shandong Innovation Project for Applied Technologies in Agriculture (2014GJJS0201-5-2).

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摘要：

为明确不同秸秆还田模式对黄淮海东部小麦-玉米周年产量与农田土壤固碳的影响, 研究了双季秸秆不还田(NS), 夏玉米季秸秆还田(SS), 冬小麦季秸秆还田(WS)和双季秸秆还田(DS)对0~40 cm各土层土壤容重(SBD), 有机碳含量(SOC)、储量(SCS)和土壤团聚体分布及固碳能力(CPC)的影响。结果表明, 秸秆还田尤其是双季秸秆还田模式显著降低土壤容重, 促进0~30 cm各土层<0.25 mm粒级团聚体向大团聚体团聚, >5 mm、5~2 mm和1~0.5 mm粒级团聚体质量比例显著升高, 平均增加57.2%、25.0%和13.7%; 同时, 土壤团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD)提高22.7%; 与NS相比, 秸秆还田显著提高了土壤有机碳含量, 增幅为4.0%~20.7%; 有机碳储量增幅为0.2%~14.7%。且双季秸秆还田对0~30 cm各粒级团聚体关联SOC和土壤固碳能力的提升作用最为显著。0~30 cm土层中秸秆还田量与SOC、SOC与MWD均呈显著正相关; 而SOC与SBD则呈显著负相关。在30~40 cm土层中, 各处理差异不显著。与不还田处理相比, 各还田处理均提高小麦-玉米周年产量, 其中, DS处理增产幅度最大, 两个周年平均增产达14.3%。双季还田模式是当前黄淮海区域土质提升和作物增产的最佳措施; 单季秸秆还田能维持较高的土壤生产力, 同时提供大量秸秆的饲料化、能源化和原料化多元利用。

关键词: 周年秸秆还田模式, 团聚体, 有机碳, 周年产量

Abstract:

This study sought to determine the effects of different straw return patterns on the annual wheat-maize yield and soil organic carbon content (SOC) in the east area of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Four treatments were set up in the experiment: No straw return (NS), Summer maize-season straw return (SS), Winter wheat-season straw return (WS), and Double-season straw return (DS). SOC and aggregates classified by wet screening in 0-40 cm soil layers were measured. The straw return significantly decreased the soil bulk density and the mass proportion of micro-aggregate (< 0.25 mm), and increased the macro-aggregate of >5 mm, 5-2 mm, and 1-0.5 mm by 57.2%, 25.0%, and 13.7% on average suggesting straw return could accelerate soil aggregation and aggregate stability. MWD increased by 22.7%. Meanwhile, straw return not only increase SOC in 0-30 cm layers by 4.0% to 20.7%, and SCS by 0.2% to 14.7%, but also markedly increased the SOC of aggregates and carbon preservation capacity. The straw returning amount was correlated related with SOC, and SOC was positively correlated with MWD in 0-30 cm soil layers. In the 30-40 cm soil layer, both SOC of aggregates and carbon preservation capacity among treatments were not significantly different. The highest grain yield was observed in DS with the increased annual crop yield by 14.3%. Consequently, the double-season straw return model is a good option for improving soil quality in winter wheat-summer maize rotation systems; however, single-straw incorporation could maintain higher soil production, and provide abundant straw feed, energy and raw materials.

Key words: annual straw return model, aggregate, organic carbon, yield

表1

试验设计"

代码
Code		 处理
Treatment		 田间操作
Field operation
NS 秸秆双季不还田
No straw incorporation		 玉米、小麦秸秆全量移除。
All maize and wheat straws are removed.
SS 夏玉米季秸秆还田
Summer maize-season straw incorporation		 玉米秸秆全量移除; 小麦秸秆经灭茬机粉碎后(约5~10 cm), 免耕覆盖还田。
Maize straws are removed fully. wheat straws are smashed (5-10 cm) and returned with no-tillage.
WS 冬小麦季秸秆还田
Winter wheat-season straw incorporation		 玉米秸秆经灭茬机粉碎后(约5~10 cm), 旋耕还田; 小麦秸秆全量移除。
Maize straws are smashed (5-10 cm) and returned with rotary tillage. All wheat straws are removed.
DS 秸秆双季还田
Double-season straw incorporation		 秸秆经灭茬机粉碎后(约5~10 cm), 玉米秸秆旋耕还田, 小麦秸秆免耕覆盖还田
All straws are smashed (5-10 cm); Maize straw was returned with rotary tillage and wheat straw with no-tillage.

表2

两年还田秸秆总量与性质"

秸秆类型
Straw type		 地上部秸秆还田量
The rate of straw returned to the field (kg hm-2)		 全氮
Total N (g kg-1)		 有机碳
Organic carbon (g kg-1)		 碳氮比
C/N
小麦秸秆 Wheat straw 22000 4.75 313.44 66.04
玉米秸秆 Maize straw 16000 7.57 363.77 48.05

表3

不同秸秆还田模式对0~40 cm土壤容重、团聚体分布及稳定性的影响"

处理
Treatment		 容重
SBD
(g cm-3)		 大团聚体
质量比例
R0.25 (%)		 各粒级团聚体质量比例 Soil aggregate proportion (%) 平均重量直径
MWD (mm)
>5 mm 5-2 mm 2-1 mm 1.0-0.5 mm 0.05-0.25 mm <0.25 mm
0-10 cm
NS 1.41 a 73.50 b 3.99 a 15.43 a 13.63 a 20.54 a 19.91 a 26.50 a 1.24 b
SS 1.32 b 81.95 a 8.71 a 16.39 a 15.32 a 25.43 a 16.10 a 18.05 b 1.54 a
WS 1.35 ab 82.21 a 6.37 a 17.41 a 13.10 a 25.95 a 19.37 a 17.79 b 1.44 ab
DS 1.30 b 84.55 a 8.97 a 17.19 a 13.92 a 25.88 a 18.59 a 15.45 b 1.56 a
10-20 cm
NS 1.49 a 74.82 b 3.13 a 17.22 a 15.13 a 23.69 a 15.66 a 25.18 a 1.29 b
SS 1.42 ab 80.29 b 3.32 a 16.52 a 17.07 a 28.32 a 15.06 a 19.71 a 1.32 b
WS 1.47 ab 89.45 a 5.82 a 18.13 a 21.13 a 28.82 a 15.56 a 10.55 b 1.54 ab
DS 1.39 b 88.49 a 8.44 a 24.63 a 20.30 a 25.19 a 9.92 a 11.51 b 1.84 a
20-30 cm
NS 1.51 a 70.83 c 3.25 a 9.96 c 11.73 b 23.11 a 22.80 a 29.18 a 1.02 b
SS 1.46 ab 75.14 bc 3.42 a 11.62 bc 17.62 ab 22.58 a 19.90 a 24.87 ab 1.15 ab
WS 1.50 ab 80.40 ab 1.56 a 17.59 ab 12.77 ab 29.82 a 18.66 a 19.60 bc 1.23 ab
DS 1.44 b 84.40 a 2.25 a 20.21 a 20.38 a 26.99 a 14.57 a 15.60 c 1.42 a
30-40 cm
NS 1.51 a 76.84 a 1.03 a 5.69 a 10.80 a 38.60 a 20.73 a 23.16 a 0.84 a
SS 1.46 a 72.64 a 0.32 a 3.29 a 8.49 a 38.49 a 22.05 a 27.36 a 0.70 a
WS 1.51 a 72.42 a 0.63 a 4.83 a 15.21 a 31.47 a 20.28 a 27.58 a 0.81 a
DS 1.46 a 71.31 a 0.24 a 2.70 a 10.05 a 26.12 a 32.21 a 28.69 a 0.65 a

图1

不同秸秆还田模式对0~40 cm土壤有机碳含量和储量的影响 NS: 秸秆不还田; SS: 夏玉米季秸秆还田; WS: 冬小麦季秸秆还田; DS: 秸秆双季还田; SOC: 土壤有机碳含量; SCS: 土壤有机碳储量。"

表4

不同秸秆还田模式对0~40 cm土层中各粒级团聚体关联有机碳含量的影响"

土层深度
Soil depth		 处理
Treatment		 不同粒级团聚体有机碳含量 Aggregate-associated SOC (g kg-1)
>5 mm 5-2 mm 2-1 mm 1.0-0.5 mm 0.50-0.25 mm <0.25 mm
0-10 cm NS 6.30 a 5.92 b 5.88 b 5.55 a 5.53 a 5.24 a
SS 6.76 b 6.54 ab 6.24 ab 5.89 a 5.92 a 5.43 a
WS 6.56 ab 6.42 ab 5.92 ab 5.58 a 5.61 a 5.25 a
DS 6.87 a 6.71 a 6.41 a 6.03 a 5.93 a 5.43 a
10-20 cm NS 7.05 a 6.19 b 6.10 b 5.93 a 5.73 a 5.43 a
SS 7.11 a 6.59 ab 6.44 ab 6.13 a 5.96 a 5.67 a
WS 7.42 ab 6.63 ab 6.51 ab 6.29 a 5.96 a 5.64 a
DS 7.77 a 7.02 a 6.92 a 6.37 a 5.95 a 5.85 a
20-30 cm NS 4.92 c 3.75 a 3.72 c 3.57 c 3.34 b 3.18 a
SS 5.36 b 4.64 a 4.02 bc 3.79 bc 3.58 b 3.20 a
WS 5.40 b 4.71 a 4.48 ab 4.03 b 3.94 ab 4.09 a
DS 5.93 a 4.01 a 4.94 a 4.74 a 4.53 a 4.05 a
30-40 cm NS — 2.50 a 2.30 b 2.18 b 2.07 a 1.96 a
SS — 2.66 a 2.61 ab 2.27 b 2.12 a 1.87 a
WS — 2.74 a 2.80 ab 2.71 a 2.57 a 2.51 a
DS — 2.87 a 2.93 a 2.81 a 2.38 a 2.35 a

表5

不同秸秆还田模式对0~40 cm土层土壤固碳能力的影响"

土层深度
Soil depth		 处理
Treatment		 总固碳能力
TCPC (g kg-1)		 不同粒级团聚体固碳能力 Aggregate-associated CPC (g kg-1)
>5 mm 5-2 mm 2-1 mm 1-0.5 mm 0.5-0.25 mm <0.25 mm
0-10 cm NS 5.60 b 0.22 a 0.95 a 0.83 a 1.10 b 1.12 a 1.37 a
SS 6.07 a 0.54 a 1.10 a 0.98 a 1.53 a 0.94 a 0.98 ab
WS 5.79 ab 0.42 a 1.13 a 0.75 a 1.44 ab 1.10 a 0.96 b
DS 6.15 a 0.61 a 1.13 a 0.89 a 1.60 a 1.07 a 0.84 b
10-20 cm NS 5.87 c 0.22 a 0.95 b 0.94 a 1.50 a 0.98 a 1.28 a
SS 6.17 b 0.28 a 1.05 ab 1.03 a 1.70 a 0.98 a 1.13 ab
WS 6.37 ab 0.51 a 1.31 ab 0.47 a 1.70 a 0.82 a 0.57 c
DS 6.61 a 0.59 a 1.66 a 1.41 a 1.63 a 0.58 a 0.74 bc
20-30 cm NS 3.51 c 0.19 a 0.35 b 0.43 b 0.82 b 0.75 a 0.97 a
SS 3.82 c 0.19 a 0.55 ab 0.76 ab 0.84 b 0.67 a 0.82 a
WS 4.21 b 0.08 a 0.81 a 0.54 b 1.21 a 0.77 a 0.80 a
DS 4.73 a 0.14 a 0.99 a 1.01 a 1.30 a 0.65 a 0.64 a
30-40 cm NS 2.13 b — 0.14 a 0.23 a 0.87 a 0.41 a 0.48 a
SS 2.17 b — 0.09 b 0.22 a 0.94 a 0.46 a 0.47 a
WS 2.59 a — 0.13 a 0.40 a 0.82 a 0.57 a 0.68 a
DS 2.57 a — 0.08 b 0.33 a 0.74 a 0.73 a 0.69 a

表6

作物地上部还田量与SBD、SOC、SCS、MWD和TCPC之间的相关系数"

土层深度
Soil depth		 指标
Indictor		 秸秆还田量
SIR		 土壤容重
SBD		 平均重量直径
MWD		 土壤有机碳含量
SOC		 土壤有机碳储量
SCS
0-10 cm SBD -0.75*
MWD 0.81** -0.63*
SOC 0.79* -0.56** 0.59*
SCS 0.41 -0.05 0.26 0.80*
TCPC 0.75** -0.93** 0.66* 0.61* 0.05
10-20 cm SBD -0.70**
MWD 0.72** -0.49
SOC 0.81** -0.56* 0.72**
SCS 0.58* -0.12 0.89** 0.89*
TCPC 0.82** -0.26 0.69** 0.80** 0.80*
20-30 cm SBD -0.70*
MWD 0.83** -0.53
SOC 0.57* -0.45** 0.71*
SCS 0.41* -0.19 0.62* 0.96**
TCPC 0.85** -0.58* 0.87** 0.79** 0.69
30-40 cm SBD -0.56
MWD -0.77** 0.35
SOC -0.02 0.19 0.28
SCS 0.12 0.37 0.33 0.98**
TCPC 0.59* -0.13 -0.25 0.23 0.20

表7

不同秸秆还田模式对冬小麦和夏玉米产量的影响"

处理
Treatment		 冬小麦产量
Wheat yield
(kg hm-2)		 夏玉米产量 Maize yield
(kg hm-2)		 周年产量Annual yield
(kg hm-2)		 周年增产
Yield increases of annual crop
(kg hm-2)		 小麦增产
Yield increases of wheat
(kg hm-2)		 增产比例
Ratio of yield increases
(%)		 玉米增产
Yield increases of maize
(kg hm-2)		 增产比例 Ratio of yield increases
(%)
2016-2017
NS 8320.20 b 9257.65 b 17577.85 d — — — — —
SS 8610.80 b 9975.31 ab 18586.11 c 1008.26c 290.60 c 28.8 717.66 b 71.2
WS 9902.50 a 9763.41 ab 19665.91 b 2088.06 b 1582.30 b 75.8 505.76 b 24.2
DS 10340.80 a 10491.05 a 20831.85 a 3254.00 a 2020.60 a 62.1 1233.40 a 37.9
2017-2018
NS 7186.20 b 9505.57 c 16691.77 c — — — — —
SS 7303.93 ab 9897.48 b 17201.41 bc 509.64 b 117.73 b 23.1 391.91 b 76.9
WS 7696.10 a 9729.75 bc 17425.85 b 734.08 b 509.90 ab 69.5 224.18 b 30.5
DS 7759.90 a 10622.24 a 18382.14 a 1690.37 a 573.70 a 33.9 1116.67 a 66.1
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