微喷补灌对麦田土壤物理性状及冬小麦耗水和产量的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.81070

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

黄淮海麦区水资源短缺, 探明畦灌和微喷补灌对麦田土壤物理性状及冬小麦耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率调节的差异, 可为该地区冬小麦节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持。2016—2018年冬小麦生长季, 设置畦灌和微喷补灌两处理, 研究其对麦田0~40 cm土层土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、田间持水率, 及冬小麦各生育阶段棵间蒸发量、蒸腾量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明微喷补灌处理与畦灌处理相比, 0~20 cm土层土壤容重降低, 总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和田间持水率增加; 冬小麦返青后春季分蘖明显减少, 返青至拔节期的棵间蒸发量和蒸腾量及全生育期总耗水量均显著减少; 籽粒产量无明显变化, 但水分利用效率显著提高, 说明微喷补灌可以改善麦田土壤物理性状, 优化冬小麦群体结构, 通过减少棵间蒸发和植株无效蒸腾降低麦田耗水量, 从而在维持高产水平的同时提高水分利用效率。

关键词: 冬小麦, 微喷补灌, 畦灌, 土壤物理性状, 籽粒产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

Water shortage is a major problem threatening agricultural sustainability, especially winter wheat production, in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China and water-saving cultivation with limited irrigation is a promising technique in this area. It is important to explore the differences between border irrigation (BI) and micro-sprinkling supplemental irrigation (MSI) on soil physical properties, water consumption characteristics, yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat, which can provide theoretical and technical support for water-saving and high-yield cultivation of winter wheat in this region. In 2016 to 2018 winter wheat growing season, BI and MSI were set to study the effects of the two irrigation treatments on soil bulk density, total porosity, capillary porosity, field capacity in the 0-40 cm soil layer, as well as evaporation, evapotranspiration, grain yield and water use efficiency in each growth stage of winter wheat. Compared with BI treatment, MSI treatment decreased the bulk density, but increased the total porosity, capillary porosity and field capacity in 0-20 cm soil layer. In addition, the spring tiller after revival and the evaporation and evapotranspiration from revival to jointing and total water consumption were significantly reduced in MSI treatment. Grain yield was not significantly changed, but water use efficiency was significantly increased in MSI treatment. The above results suggest that MSI can improve the soil physical properties, optimize the population structure, and decrease total water consumption by reducing evaporation and ineffective evapotranspiration of plants, so as to enhance water use efficiency while maintaining high grain yield.

Key words: winter wheat, micro-sprinkler supplemental irrigation, border irrigation, soil physical properties, grain yield, water use efficiency

何昕楠,林祥,谷淑波,王东. 微喷补灌对麦田土壤物理性状及冬小麦耗水和产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2019, 45(6): 879-892.

Xin-Nan HE,Xiang LIN,Shu-Bo GU,Dong WANG. Effects of supplemental irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses on soil physical properties, water consumption and grain yield of winter wheat[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2019, 45(6): 879-892.

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生长季 Growing season	有机质 Organic matter (g kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g kg^-1)	碱解氮 Available N (mg kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg kg^-1)
2016-2017	11.16	1.10	91.40	50.80	140.80
2017-2018	11.37	1.16	96.16	53.64	140.21

土层 Soil layer (cm)	容重 Bulk density (g cm^-3)	田间持水率 Field capacity (%)	总孔隙度 Total porosity (%)	毛管孔隙度 Capillary porosity (%)
2016-2017
0-5	1.18	41.58	55.66	33.33
5-10	1.21	41.35	54.51	34.11
10-15	1.14	44.09	56.91	35.25
15-20	1.28	37.93	51.79	31.16
20-25	1.54	25.73	41.92	19.51
25-30	1.56	24.32	41.07	17.68
30-35	1.55	25.46	41.48	19.32
35-40	1.44	28.26	45.56	22.01
2017-2018
0-5	1.09	44.71	58.73	45.73
5-10	1.17	43.07	55.80	42.80
10-15	1.08	48.01	59.38	46.38
15-20	1.15	43.28	56.61	43.61
20-25	1.49	27.51	43.86	30.86
25-30	1.56	24.23	40.98	27.98
30-35	1.55	26.09	41.59	28.59
35-40	1.43	28.59	46.08	33.08

处理 Treatment	2016-2017					2017-2018
	播种期 Sowing	冬前期 Pre-wintering	拔节期 Jointing	开花期 Anthesis	总量 Total	播种期 Sowing	冬前期 Pre-wintering	拔节期 Jointing	开花期 Anthesis	总量 Total
	MSI	45.9 b	—	63.5 b	48.7 b	158.1 b	—	54.0 b	54.3 b	—	108.3 b
BI	72.2 a	—	78.4 a	68.9 a	219.5 a		—	82.7 a	75.5 a	—	158.2 a

处理 Treatment	播种-越冬 Sowing-Pre-wintering			冬前-返青 Pre-wintering-Revival			返青-拔节 Revival-Jointing			拔节-开花 Jointing-Anthesis			开花-成熟 Anthesis-Maturity
处理 Treatment	耗水量 WCA (mm)	蒸发量 E (mm)	蒸腾量 T (mm)	耗水量 WCA (mm)	蒸发量 E (mm)	蒸腾量 T (mm)	耗水量 WCA (mm)	蒸发量 E (mm)	蒸腾量 T (mm)	耗水量 WCA (mm)	蒸发量 E (mm)	蒸腾量 T (mm)	耗水量 WCA (mm)	蒸发量 E (mm)	蒸腾量 T (mm)
2016-2017
MSI	21.4 b	39.5 b	8.8 b	73.8 b	13.3 b	33.6 b	95.9 b	11.5 b	84.5 b	75.2 a	9.0 b	66.1 a	168.5 a	18.6 b	149.9 a
BI	64.4 a	51.2 a	13.2 a	96.9 a	20.9 a	75.9 a	108.5 a	15.4 a	93.2 a	60.0 b	12.7 a	47.3 b	164.1 a	22.7 a	141.4 b
2017-2018
MSI	45.2 a	17.4 a	27.8 a	39.1 b	19.0 b	20.1 b	76.4 b	4.7 b	71.7 b	127.0 a	7.3 b	119.7 a	112.4 a	9.3 b	103.2 a
BI	45.2 a	17.4 a	27.8 a	80.8 a	29.6 a	51.3 a	88.5 a	6.1 a	82.4 a	95.2 b	10.4 a	84.8 b	102.7 b	14.6 a	88.1 b

处理 Treatment	穗数 Number of spikes (×10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg hm^-2)	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg hm^-2mm^-1)
2016-2017
MSI	759 a	28.7 a	46.5 a	9417.2 a	21.7 a
BI	788 a	29.1 a	45.9 a	9626.8 a	19.5 b
2017-2018
MSI	522 a	32.6 a	47.0 a	7898.9 a	19.7 a
BI	540 a	31.4 a	46.6 a	7730.2 a	18.8 b