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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (6): 1149-1161.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.01059

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

全膜覆土种植和施肥对旱地苦荞耗水特征及产量的影响

方彦杰, 张绪成*(), 侯慧芝, 于显枫, 王红丽, 马一凡, 张国平, 雷康宁   

  1. 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所/甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2020-07-25 接受日期:2020-12-01 出版日期:2021-06-12 网络出版日期:2021-01-12
  • 通讯作者: 张绪成
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(31760367);甘肃省农业科学院农业科技创新专项计划(2019GAAS10)

Effects of whole soil-plastic mulching system and fertilization rates on water consumption characteristics and yield of tartary buckwheat in arid land

FANG Yan-Jie, ZHANG Xu-Cheng*(), HOU Hui-Zhi, YU Xian-Feng, WANG Hong-Li, MA Yi-Fan, ZHANG Guo-Ping, LEI Kang-Ning   

  1. Institute of Dry-Land Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of High Water Utilization on Dryland of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2020-07-25 Accepted:2020-12-01 Published:2021-06-12 Published online:2021-01-12
  • Contact: ZHANG Xu-Cheng
  • Supported by:
    The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31760367);The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of GAAS(2019GAAS10)

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摘要：

探究全膜覆土种植和施肥水平对半干旱区旱地苦荞土壤耗水特征和产量的影响, 于2015—2017年连续3年进行定位试验, 全膜覆土种植方式下, 设置高量(N 120 kg hm-2+ P2O5 90 kg hm-2 + K2O 60 kg hm-2, HF)、中量(N 80 kg hm-2+ P2O5 60 kg hm-2 + K2O 40 kg hm-2, MF)、低量(N 40 kg hm-2+ P2O5 30 kg hm-2 + K2O 20 kg hm-2, LF)和零施肥(ZF), 以传统露地种植不施肥为CK, 共5个处理, 以明确全膜覆土种植和施肥对半干旱区苦荞的耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 苦荞全膜覆土种植后集雨保墒效果明显, 能够改善土壤水分环境, 增加花前贮水, LF能够根据不同降水年型和土壤水分状况调控苦荞花前花后土壤耗水, 在干旱年LF较ZF、MF、HF、CK能够提高苦荞花后土壤贮水量2.8~23.5 mm, 增加花前0~100 cm土层土壤剖面水分耗散量26.3~32.4 mm, 增加生育期总耗水量44.5 mm, 提高耗水模系数、耗水强度, 显著增加成熟期干物质量1.2%~58.8%、灌浆期叶面积指数4.1%~68.5%, 增加单株粒重1.6%~61.6%, 提高籽粒饱满率0.6%~29.2%, 增加生物量1.1%~182.5%, 提高产量1.1%~130.4%, 提高水分利用效率0.3%~102.7%。可见, 旱地苦荞全膜覆土种植低量施肥处理贮水效果明显, 能够达到水肥耦合作用, 且能够根据降水等环境条件调控植株生育期耗水, 显著提高苦荞生物产量、产量和水分利用效率, 是适宜于半干旱区苦荞增产增效的栽培模式。

关键词: 苦荞, 全膜覆土种植, 施肥, 耗水特征, 产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

In order to study the effects of whole soil-plastic mulching planting and different fertilization rates on soil water consumption characteristics and yields of tartary buckwheat, a three-year (2015-2017) located experiment was carried out in semi-arid region of east-central Gansu Province, China, under whole soil-plastic mulching planting system. Four fertilization treatments under soil-plastic mulching were accordingly designed, including high application rate (HF, N 120 kg hm-2+ P2O5 90 kg hm-2 + K2O 60 kg hm-2), medium rate (MF, N 80 kg hm-2+ P2O5 60 kg hm-2 + K2O 40 kg hm-2), low rate (LF, N 40 kg hm-2+ P2O5 30 kg hm-2 + K2O 20 kg hm-2), and zero fertilization rate (ZF), whereas ZF with traditional non-mulching planting was set as the control (CK) to illustrate the effects of soil-plastic mulching and fertilization on water consumption characteristics, yields and water use efficiency (WUE) of tartary buckwheat in semi-arid area of China. The results showed that the effects of rainwater collection and soil moisture conservation were obvious after planting tartary buckwheat with whole soil-plastic mulching, which also improved soil water environment and increased pre-anthesis soil water storage (SWS, mm). LF was able to regulate soil water consumption before and after anthesis stage according to different precipitation years and soil moisture conditions. Compared with ZF, MF, HF, and CK in dry years, LF improved post-anthesis SWS by 2.8-23.5 mm and increased crop pre-anthesis water consumption in the 0-100 mm soil profile by 26.3-32.4 mm in tartary buckwheat. As a result, LF increased total crop water consumption in the whole growth period by 44.5 mm, and boosted water consumption module coefficient and intensity. Moreover, compared with ZF, MF, HF and CK, LF treatment increased dry matter weight at maturity stage by 1.2%-58.8%, leaf area index (LAI) at filling stage by 4.1%-68.5%, grain weight per plant by 1.6%-61.6%, plumpness rate by 0.6%-29.2%, biomass yield by 1.1%-182.5%, grain yield by 1.1%-130.4%, and water use efficiency (WUE, kg hm-2 mm-1) by 0.3%-102.7%, respectively. In conclusion, the storage effect of low amount fertilizer treatment for tartary buckwheat planting with whole soil-plastic mulching in dry land was obvious, which could achieve the coupling effects of soil moisture and fertilizer and regulate crop water consumption according to the environmental conditions such as precipitation during crop growth period, and it could significantly improve the biomass yield, grain yield and WUE of tartary buckwheat. Therefore, it was a suitable cultivation mode for yield-increasing and efficiency-boosting of tartary buckwheat in semi-arid area.

Key words: tartary buckwheat, whole soil-plastic mulching planting, fertilization, water consumption, yield, water use efficiency

图1

苦荞生育期降水量和平均气温"

图2

不同生育时期0~300 cm土壤贮水量 同一年度中, 同列的数据后不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05); 每个生育时期数据上方的误差线代表LSD0.05; HF: 高量施肥; MF: 中量施肥; LF: 低量施肥; ZF: 零施肥; CK: 对照。"

图3

花前和花后0~300 cm土层土壤剖面耗水量 处理同图2。"

表1

苦荞不同生育阶段耗水量、耗水模系数及耗水强度"

年份Year 处理Treatment 耗水量
Water consumption (mm)		 花前Pre-flowering stage 花后Post-flowering stage
耗水量
Water consumption (mm)		 耗水模
系数
WCP (%)		 耗水强度
DWC
(d mm-1)		 耗水量
Water consumption (mm)		 耗水模
系数
WCP (%)		 耗水强度
DWC
(d mm-1)
2015 CK 419.8 ab 244.6 c 58.3 b 4.6 b 175.2 a 41.7 b 3.0 a
ZF 402.5 b 240.9 c 59.9 b 4.5 b 161.6 b 40.1 b 2.7 b
LF 417.0 ab 273.1 b 65.5 a 5.0 a 143.9 c 34.5 c 2.4 c
MF 410.1 ab 222.4 d 54.2 c 4.0 c 187.7 a 45.8 a 3.2 a
HF 429.7 a 291.1 a 67.7 a 5.5 a 138.6 c 32.3 c 2.3 c
2016 CK 258.6 b 195.9 c 75.8 b 3.8 c 62.7 c 24.2 b 1.5 b
ZF 295.9 a 238.7 a 80.7 a 4.6 a 57.2 c 19.3 c 1.4 c
LF 303.1 a 222.1 b 73.3 b 4.3 b 81.0 a 26.7 a 1.9 a
MF 294.8 a 217.1 b 73.6 b 4.2 b 77.7 a 26.4 a 1.9 a
HF 288.9 a 217.9 b 75.4 b 4.2 b 71.0 b 24.6 b 1.7 b
2017 CK 247.1 c 114.8 c 46.4 d 2.4 c 132.3 b 53.6 a 2.2 b
ZF 287.6 b 121.1 c 42.1 d 2.5 c 166.5 a 57.9 a 2.8 a
LF 237.7 c 132.3 c 55.7 c 2.8 c 105.4 c 44.3 b 1.8 c
MF 336.9 a 249.0 a 73.9 a 5.2 a 87.9 d 26.1 d 1.5 d
HF 287.7 b 191.7 b 66.6 b 4.0 b 96.0 d 33.4 d 1.6 d

表2

不同生育时期苦荞单株干物质积累量"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 苗期
Seeding stage		 分枝期
Branching stage		 盛花期
Flowering stage		 灌浆
Filling stage		 成熟
Maturity stage
2015 CK 0.4 c 1.5 b 3.7 c 8.8 c 11.6 c
ZF 0.7 a 2.7 a 6.1 b 12.3 a 19.2 a
LF 0.6 b 2.8 a 6.4 a 13.1 a 20.1 a
MF 0.6 b 2.8 a 6.6 a 12.3 a 17.8 b
HF 0.6 b 2.8 a 6.5 a 11.5 b 19.0 a
2016 CK 0.2 b 0.6 c 2.6 d 6.1 d 7.3 d
ZF 0.7 a 2.6 b 4.9 c 10.4 c 17.4 a
LF 0.7 a 2.9 b 6.4 a 11.5 a 17.7 a
MF 0.7 a 3.7 a 5.6 b 10.8 b 16.9 b
HF 0.7 a 3.8 a 6.4 a 11.1 a 15.2 c
2017 CK 0.4 d 0.8 c 3.6 c 7.4 c 10.4 c
ZF 0.6 c 2.2 b 5.5 b 10.5 b 17.5 b
LF 1.0 a 2.4 a 6.7 a 11.5 a 19.0 a
MF 0.9 b 2.5 a 5.6 b 11.2 a 18.8 a
HF 1.0 a 2.6 a 6.4 a 10.8 b 17.5 b

表3

年份、全膜覆土种植和施肥水平对单株干物质量的方差分析"

项目
Item		 变异来源
Source of variation		 F值
F-value		 P值
P-value
盛花期干物质
Dry matter at flowering stage		 年份Year (A) 11.8 0.0002
全膜覆土种植和施肥水平
Whole soil-plastic mulching with planting and fertilizer level (B)		 102.1 0.0001
A×B 2.4 0.0387
成熟期干物质
Dry matter at maturity stage		 年份Year (A) 75.6 0.0001
全膜覆土种植和施肥水平
Whole soil-plastic mulching with planting and fertilizer level (B)		 353.8 0.0001
A×B 6.2 0.0001

表4

不同生育时期苦荞叶面积指数"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 分枝期
Branching stage		 盛花期
Flowering stage		 灌浆期
Filling stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
2015 CK 2.1 c 4.8 c 3.2 c 2.2 c
ZF 3.0 b 5.0 c 4.7 b 3.3 b
LF 3.3 a 5.5 b 5.3 a 3.7 a
MF 3.6 a 6.3 a 5.1 a 3.6 a
HF 3.2 a 6.2 a 4.7 b 3.3 b
2016 CK 1.0 c 1.5 c 1.8 c 1.1 c
ZF 1.8 b 4.2 b 3.2 a 1.9 a
LF 1.9 b 4.6 a 3.4 a 2.0 a
MF 2.3 a 4.6 a 3.3 a 1.6 b
HF 2.3 a 4.8 a 3.2 a 1.9 a
2017 CK 1.3 d 2.2 c 1.5 b 1.2 c
ZF 2.5 c 3.8 b 4.6 a 3.6 b
LF 3.2 b 5.6 a 4.8 a 3.9 a
MF 3.9 a 5.5 a 4.5 a 3.6 b
HF 3.0 b 5.5 a 4.6 a 3.6 b

表5

对苦荞产量、水分利用效率及收获指数的影响"

年份
Year		 处理Treatment 成穗数
Ear number
(plant hm-2)		 单株粒重
Grain weight per plant (g)		 籽粒饱满率
Full grain yield
(%)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)		 生物量
Biomass
(kg hm-2)		 水分利用效率
WUE
(kg hm-2 mm-1)		 收获指数
Harvesting index
(%)
2015 CK 185.4 a 3.3 d 78.1 b 2077.2 d 21,620.6 b 4.9 d 8.5 a
ZF 178.3 a 6.1 b 82.9 b 2687.1 a 34,251.1 a 6.7 a 7.9 b
LF 175.2 a 7.1 a 89.2 a 2774.7 a 35,193.8 a 6.7 a 7.9 b
MF 188.2 a 6.2 b 63.2 d 2487.0 b 33,518.4 a 6.1 b 7.4 c
HF 183.4 a 5.3 c 70.6 c 2367.9 c 34,801.0 a 5.5 c 6.8 d
2016 CK 161.6 b 2.2 b 49.9 b 936.7 c 11,788.1 c 3.6 c 8.0 a
ZF 176.3 a 5.2 a 56.9 a 2133.9 a 30,742.3 b 7.2 a 6.9 b
LF 188.2 a 5.3 a 57.3 a 2158.2 a 33,299.4 a 7.1 a 6.5 b
MF 173.7 a 5.0 a 49.2 b 2021.0 a 29,393.4 b 6.9 a 7.0 b
HF 183.4 a 5.2 a 45.4 b 1654.2 b 27,881.9 b 5.7 b 5.9 c
2017 CK 174.5 b 2.5 d 70.4 b 1391.2 d 18,154.2 c 5.6 c 7.7 a
ZF 190.4 a 5.5 b 76.9 a 2211.6 b 33,334.5 b 7.7 b 6.6 b
LF 203.3 a 6.4 a 80.6 a 2712.8 a 38,699.8 a 11.4 a 7.0 b
MF 187.6 a 5.6 b 61.8 c 2371.7 b 35,298.6 b 7.0 b 6.8 b
HF 198.1 a 4.7 c 63.8 c 2105.8 c 34,609.6 b 7.3 b 6.1 c

表6

年份、全膜覆土种植和施肥水平对产量、生物量、水分利用效率(WUE)、收获指数的方差分析"

项目
Item		 变异来源
Source of variation		 F值
F-value		 P值
P-value
产量
Yield		 年份Year (A) 119.2 0.0001
全膜覆土种植和施肥水平
Whole soil-plastic mulching with planting and fertilizer level (B)		 101.5 0.0001
A×B 5.5 0.0002
生物量
Biomass		 年份Year (A) 27.1 0.0001
全膜覆土种植和施肥水平
Whole soil-plastic mulching with planting and fertilizer level (B)		 93.6 0.0001
A×B 1.9 0.1024
水分利用效率
WUE		 年份Year (A) 51.2 0.0001
全膜覆土种植和施肥水平
Whole soil-plastic mulching with planting and fertilizer level (B)		 54.9 0.0001
A×B 9.1 0.0001
收获指数
Harvesting index		 年份Year (A) 7.9 0.0017
全膜覆土种植和施肥水平
Whole soil-plastic mulching with planting and fertilizer level (B)		 8.1 0.0001
A×B 0.4 0.9340
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