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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (12): 2450-2458.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.01086

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

近20年河北省几种高耗水作物的水分利用效率分析

史梦霞(), 张佳笑, 石晓宇, 褚庆全, 陈阜, 雷永登*()   

  1. 中国农业大学农学院 / 农业农村部农作制度重点实验室, 北京 100193
  • 收稿日期:2020-11-16 接受日期:2021-04-14 出版日期:2021-12-12 网络出版日期:2021-06-08
  • 通讯作者: 雷永登
  • 作者简介:E-mail: mx549678854@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(31801315);国家自然科学基金项目(72061147001);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300201);国家社科基金重大项目(18ZDA074)

Water use efficiency of several water-intensive crops in Hebei province in recent 20 years

SHI Meng-Xia(), ZHANG Jia-Xiao, SHI Xiao-Yu, CHU Qing-Quan, CHEN Fu, LEI Yong-Deng*()   

  1. College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Farming System of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
  • Received:2020-11-16 Accepted:2021-04-14 Published:2021-12-12 Published online:2021-06-08
  • Contact: LEI Yong-Deng
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31801315);National Natural Science Foundation of China(72061147001);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300201);Major Projects of the National Social Science Foundation of China(18ZDA074)

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摘要：

近年来高耗水作物的大面积种植是导致河北省农业水资源日益短缺的重要原因之一。本文基于河北省21个国家标准气象站点1999—2018年气象数据和作物生育期相关数据, 采用Penman-Monteith公式和分段单值平均作物系数法, 计算了河北省冬小麦、夏玉米, 以及苹果、梨、西瓜、葡萄等几种高耗水作物的生育期需水量、有效降水量、灌溉需水量以及降水耦合度等指标; 从作物水分利用效率(WUE)、灌溉水分利用效率(WUEI)、营养水分利用效率(WUEN)、经济水分利用效率(WUEE)等角度, 全面分析了6种作物的水分利用时空演变特征。结果表明, 果树类作物的需水量总体大于粮食作物。作物灌溉需水量从大到小依次为苹果、梨、冬小麦、葡萄、西瓜、夏玉米。生育期内有效降水量最大的是苹果和梨, 最低的是冬小麦; 夏玉米的降水耦合度最高, 其次是西瓜; 除冬小麦外, 其他五种作物的降水耦合度在过去20年呈上升趋势。果树类作物的WUE、WUEI、WUEE均高于粮食作物, 尤其WUEE远高于粮食作物, 最高可达到粮食作物的十倍左右; 粮食作物的WUEN整体高于水果作物。本研究开展的作物水分利用效率综合分析, 可为河北省调整优化作物结构, 促进农业水资源的高效可持续利用提供参考。

关键词: 作物需水量, 有效降水量, 灌溉需水量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

In recent years, the large-scale planting of water-intensive crops is one of the important reasons for the increasing shortage of agricultural water resources in Hebei province. Based on the meteorological data and crop growth period data of 21 national standard meteorological stations in Hebei province from 1999 to 2018, this study calculates the water demand, effective precipitation, irrigation water demand and precipitation coupling degree of winter wheat, summer maize, apple, pear, watermelon, grape and other water-intensive crops in Hebei province by Penman-Monteith formula and piecewise single value average crop coefficient method. The spatial and temporal variations of crop water use in Hebei province were comprehensively analyzed from the perspectives of water use efficiency (WUE), irrigation water use efficiency (WUEI), nutrient water use efficiency (WUEN), and economic water use efficiency (WUEE). The results revealed that the water requirement of fruit crops was higher than that of grain crops. The water requirement for crop irrigation from large to small was apple, pear, winter wheat, grape, watermelon, and summer maize. During the growth period, the largest effective precipitation was apple and pear, and the lowest was winter wheat; the precipitation coupling degree of summer maize was the highest, followed by watermelon; the precipitation coupling degree of all crops indicated an upward trend in the past 20 years except for winter wheat. The WUE, WUEI, and WUEE of fruit crops were higher than those of grain crops, particularly, WUEE of fruit crops was 10 times higher than that of grain crops. In contrast, the WUEN of grain crops was higher than that of fruit crops. The comprehensive analysis of various crop water use efficiency provides valuable insights for optimizing cropping systems and achieving agricultural water sustainability in Hebei province.

Key words: crop water requirement, effective precipitation, irrigation water demand, water use efficiency

表1

6种作物的生育期与逐月Kc值"

作物种类
Crop species		 生育期
Growth period
(month/day)		 逐月Kc值 Monthly Kc values 全育期
Whole growth period
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
冬小麦Winter wheat 10/5-6/9 0.40 0.51 0.76 1.03 1.10 0.49 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.62
夏玉米Summer maize 6/12-9/21 0.40 0.81 1.16 0.88 0.85
苹果Apple 3/1-10/31 0.45 0.59 0.86 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.78 0.79
梨Pear 3/1-10/31 0.45 0.59 0.86 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.78 0.79
葡萄Grape 3/1-9/25 0.32 0.57 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.68 0.50 0.65
西瓜Watermelon 4/1-7/20 0.44 0.87 0.97 0.82 0.77

图1

1999-2018年河北省6种作物需水量、有效降水量以及灌溉需水量年际间变化 (a)~(f), 分别为苹果、梨、葡萄、西瓜、冬小麦、夏玉米。"

图2

1999-2018年河北省6种作物需水量、有效降水量以及灌溉需水量空间分布 (a)~(f), 分别为苹果、梨、葡萄、西瓜、冬小麦、夏玉米。"

图3

1999-2018年河北省6种作物生育期内降水耦合度年际间变化 (a)~(f), 分别为苹果、梨、葡萄、西瓜、冬小麦、夏玉米。"

图4

1999-2018年河北省6种作物的区域总灌溉需水量变化"

表2

6种作物的20年平均水分利用效率"

作物种类Crop species 作物水分利用效率WUE 灌溉水分利用率WUEI 营养水分利用率WUEN 经济水分利用率WUEE
苹果Apple 16.22 38.36 16.22 16.22
梨Pear 18.12 42.65 52.24 16.15
西瓜Watermelon 31.89 87.80 42.52 44.64
葡萄Grape 126.94 244.37 126.94 53.32
冬小麦Winter wheat 12.29 16.44 97.68 5.59
夏玉米Summer maize 14.36 83.06 80.65 5.41

图5

1999-2018年河北省6种作物不同水分利用效率的年际间变化"

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