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作物学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (12): 1933-1944.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.01040

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

全生物降解地膜覆盖对旱地土壤水分状况及春小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

马明生(), 郭贤仕*(), 柳燕兰   

  1. 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所 / 甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2020-05-08 接受日期:2020-08-19 出版日期:2020-08-31 网络出版日期:2020-08-31
  • 通讯作者: 郭贤仕
  • 基金资助:
    国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503124);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFB0302402);甘肃省农业生物技术研究与应用开发项目(GNSW-2016-14);甘肃省农业科学院农业科技创新专项(2020GAAS18);甘肃省农业科学院农业科技创新专项(2019GAAS25)

Effects of full biodegradable film on soil water status and yield and water use efficiency of spring wheat in dryland

Ming-Sheng MA(), Xian-Shi GUO*(), Yan-Lan LIU   

  1. Institute of Dryland Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of High Water Utilization in Dryland of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2020-05-08 Accepted:2020-08-19 Published:2020-08-31 Published online:2020-08-31
  • Contact: Xian-Shi GUO
  • Supported by:
    Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201503124);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0302402);Gansu Agricultural Biotechnology Research and Application Development Project(GNSW-2016-14);Science and Technology Innovation Projects of the Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2020GAAS18);Science and Technology Innovation Projects of the Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2019GAAS25)

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摘要：

为探明西北黄土高原半干旱区全生物降解地膜覆盖种植的生态学效应及对春小麦生产的影响, 寻求绿色、高效、可持续的覆盖种植方式, 以传统裸地穴播(CK)为对照, 于2015—2018年系统研究了全生物降解地膜全膜覆土穴播(BM)与普通聚乙烯地膜全膜覆土穴播(PM)的土壤水分效应、休闲效率及其对春小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明: BM和PM均显著提高了春小麦各生育时期0~200 cm土层贮水量和农田休闲效率, BM与PM差异不显著。2015—2018年BM贮水量分别较CK增加了9.5、14.2、25.0和39.0 mm, 定位连作4年收获时, 0~200 cm土层PM、BM、CK贮水量分别为347.5、345.5和320.0 mm。BM和PM降雨休闲效率分别较CK提高39.63%和43.98%。BM在小麦出苗率、有效穗数与成穗率方面与PM基本相当, 显著高于CK。旱年BM出苗数量较CK提高15.87%, 有效穗数除2015年外, 其余年份平均提高14.70%, 成穗率4年平均提高3.08%。BM在干物质积累总量与PM基本相同的情况下, 花前干物质积累量略低于PM, 但提高了花后干物质积累量, 这更有助于籽粒灌浆和产量形成, 二者各生育时期干物质积累量均显著高于CK。PM、BM、CK 4年平均耗水量分别为287.46、289.76和276.06 mm, BM较PM增加了棵间蒸发耗水。BM和PM 4年分别平均较CK增产48.07%和54.95%, 水分利用效率提高了46.08%和56.07%, BM与PM差异不显著。全生物降解地膜在土壤水分效应、小麦产量效应方面与PE地膜无显著差异, 可应用于旱地春小麦全膜覆土穴播栽培技术中, 为旱地小麦绿色高效生产提供技术支撑。

关键词: 全生物降解地膜, 旱地春小麦, 水分效应, 产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ecological effect of full biodegradable film mulching and its effect on the production of spring wheat, and to seek a green, efficient and sustainable coverage in the semi-arid area of the Northwest Loess Plateau. Taking the uncovered land as the control (CK), to systematically studied the effects of full biodegradable film mulching (BM) and the polyethylene film mulching (PM) with bunch planting on soil water status, rain fallow efficiency and its impact on yield and water use efficiency of dryland spring wheat from 2015 to 2018. The results showed that both BM and PM significantly increased the water storage of 0-200 cm soil layer and rain fallow efficiency in each growth period of spring wheat, but there was not significant differences between BM and PM. From 2015 to 2018, the water storage of BM increased by 9.5 mm, 14.2 mm, 25.0 mm, and 39.0 mm respectively compared with CK. In the fourth year of continuous cropping, the water storage of PM, BM and CK 0-200 cm soil layers were 347.5 mm, 345.5 mm and 320.0 mm, respectively. Compared with CK, the rain fallow efficiency of BM and PM increased by 39.63% and 43.98%, respectively, which effectively alleviated the risk of spring drought in the next season. BM was similar to PM in seedling rate, the number of productive ears and the percentage of productive spike, and significantly higher than CK. The number of BM seedlings increased by 15.87% compared with CK in dry year, the number of productive ears increased by 14.70% on average in other years except 2015, and the percentage of productive spike increased by 3.08% on average in four years. The total amount of dry matter accumulation of BM was basically the same as PM, and before anthesis was slightly lower than PM, but higher than PM after anthesis, which was more conducive to grain filling and yield formation, and the amount of dry matter accumulation of both BM and PM are significantly higher than CK in each growth period. The annual average water consumption of PM, BM and CK was 287.46 mm, 289.76 mm, and 276.06 mm, respectively, and compared with PM, BM increased the evaporation water consumption. Compared with CK, the grain yield of BM and PM increased 48.07% and 54.95% respectively, and water use efficiency increased 46.08% and 56.07% in four years, there was not significant differences between BM and PM. There was not significant differences in soil water effect and yield effect between the full biodegradable film and PE film, and the full biodegradable film can be applied to the whole field soil-plastic mulching with bunch planting of spring wheat in dry land and provide technical support for the green and efficient production of wheat in dry land.

Key words: full biodegradable film, dryland spring wheat, effect of soil moisture, grain yield, water use efficiency.

表1

不同覆盖方式对小麦出苗情况及有效穗数的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 播种量
Sowing amount
(kg hm-2)		 出苗株数
Number of wheat seedlings
(×10-5 hm-2)		 成熟期有效穗数
Productive ear at maturity stage
(×10-5 hm-2)		 成穗率
Percentage of productive
spike (%)
2015 PM 195.0 41.67±2.15 a 29.87±1.33 a 71.68
BM 195.0 41.53±2.94 a 29.53±2.02 a 71.11
CK 195.0 38.97±1.68 a 27.53±0.82 a 70.64
2016 PM 195.0 39.23±1.91 a 26.20±1.13 a 66.79
BM 195.0 38.77±2.08 a 25.87±1.23 a 66.73
CK 195.0 33.73±1.54 b 21.53±0.92 b 63.83
2017 PM 195.0 40.50±2.05 a 26.23±1.21 a 64.77
BM 195.0 40.67±2.05 a 26.40±1.42 a 64.91
CK 195.0 34.83±2.13 b 21.60±1.36 b 62.03
2018 PM 195.0 41.23±1.84 a 30.17±1.51 a 73.17
BM 195.0 41.17±1.07 a 30.10±0.86 a 73.11
CK 195.0 38.43±0.57 a 27.33±0.82 b 71.12

表2

不同覆盖方式对小麦干物质积累量的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 苗期
Seedling stage		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 开花期
Flowering stage		 灌浆期
Filling stage		 成熟期
Harvest stage
2015 PM 715.34±17.46 a 2419.64±49.81 a 8536.79±360.22 a 10,831.42±353.42 a 13,352.46±112.29 a
BM 715.70±16.73 a 2400.43±49.26 a 7817.33±201.88 b 10,181.77±234.18 b 13,016.89±240.55 a
CK 372.81±23.88 b 1348.36±64.35 b 5680.53±240.74 c 7378.32±168.80 c 9407.36±362.83 b
2016 PM 636.83±17.64 a 2224.34±40.13 a 6614.18±358.13 a 8010.77±280.65 a 9245.20±200.45 a
BM 604.81±23.90 a 2100.04±38.16 a 6095.94±149.56 a 7554.98±224.34 a 8923.56±204.47 a
CK 256.35±8.26 b 991.66±20.79 b 3452.83±213.48 b 4644.62±161.13 b 5555.33±133.42 b
2017 PM 634.50±22.51 a 2161.35±24.82 a 6477.30±255.34 a 7757.10±203.48 a 8737.20±305.88 a
BM 599.20±13.83 a 2093.15±38.20 a 6011.03±282.00 a 7445.32±248.55 a 8588.15±338.93 a
CK 229.88±13.03 b 960.15±18.50 b 3426.11±65.74 b 4609.17±108.12 b 5390.52±65.49 b
2018 PM 713.28±15.43 a 2367.98±54.73 a 7800.72±340.54 a 9954.30±106.05 a 11,931.96±122.35 a
BM 708.12±23.53 a 2298.66±37.78 a 6891.86±167.84 b 9545.95±287.88 a 11,379.39±208.22 a
CK 349.71±19.60 b 1279.72±43.93 b 5371.23±104.23 c 7067.28±65.74 b 8104.89±415.20 b

图1

不同覆盖方式对小麦花前花后干物质积累量的影响 处理同表1。不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。"

图2

不同覆盖方式0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量动态变化 处理同表1。a: 播前; b: 苗期; c: 拔节期; d: 开花期; e: 灌浆期; f: 收获期。*表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。"

图3

不同覆盖方式0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量垂直分布 处理同表1。a: 播前; b: 苗期; c: 拔节期; d: 开花期; e: 灌浆期; f: 收获期。"

图4

不同覆盖方式对小麦田休闲效率的影响 处理同表1。不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著。"

表3

不同覆盖方式对小麦耗水量、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 播前土壤贮水量Soil water storage before sowing (mm) 收后土壤贮水量
Soil water storage
after harvesting (mm)		 生育期降雨量
Rainfall during the growth period (mm)		 耗水量
Evapotranspiration
(mm)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm?2)		 水分利用效率
Water use efficiency
(kg hm?2 mm?1)
2015 PM 413.67±4.03 244.73±8.22 a 205.8 374.74±12.20 a 4481.53±75.95 a 11.96±0.19 a
BM 413.67±4.03 245.90±5.41 a 205.8 373.57±9.43 a 4472.60±50.17 a 11.98±0.22 a
CK 413.67±4.03 240.15±4.55 a 205.8 379.33±8.43 a 3655.71±85.07 b 9.64±0.09 b
2016 PM 282.23±5.38 a 240.09±6.67 a 165.8 207.94±3.00 a 2149.33±71.32 a 10.34±0.40 a
BM 286.22±7.38 a 238.36±4.04 a 165.8 213.66±3.35 a 1852.50±66.31 b 8.67±0.37 b
CK 267.40±5.02 b 218.32±6.77 b 165.8 214.88±3.47 a 1147.12±52.67 c 5.34±0.17 c
2017 PM 334.87±5.93 a 242.04±5.63 a 142.6 235.43±0.86 a 2043.13±84.99 a 8.68±0.34 a
BM 343.93±6.24 a 236.69±7.52 a 142.6 240.84±6.63 a 1952.12±49.69 a 8.11±0.08 a
CK 287.74±5.81 b 221.86±6.80 b 142.6 208.49±2.18 b 1065.61±48.42 b 5.11±0.24 b
2018 PM 362.61±6.72 a 347.49±6.09 a 316.6 331.73±6.44 a 3203.14±74.13 a 9.66±0.05 a
BM 359.83±6.72 a 345.46±6.33 a 316.6 330.97±5.67 a 3072.68±65.06 a 9.28±0.16 a
CK 304.93±7.52 b 319.98±6.78 b 316.6 301.55±6.68 b 1796.81±71.37 b 5.96±0.23 b
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