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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (12): 1923-1932.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.04071

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

华北寒旱区作物轮作的生产效应

姚兆磊1(), 张继宗1,2, 杜玉琼1, 刘玉华1,2, 张立峰1,2,*()   

  1. 1河北农业大学农学院, 河北保定 071000
    2农业农村部张北农业资源与生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站, 河北张家口 076450
  • 收稿日期:2020-03-18 接受日期:2020-07-02 出版日期:2020-08-18 网络出版日期:2020-11-25
  • 通讯作者: 张立峰
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项项目(201503120);河北省重点研发计划项目(18227004D)

Productivity evaluation of crop rotation in cold and arid region of Northern China

Zhao-Lei YAO1(), Ji-Zong ZHANG1,2, Yu-Qiong DU1, Yu-Hua LIU1,2, Li-Feng ZHANG1,2,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
    2Zhangbei Agricultural Resource and Ecological Environment Key Field Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhangjiakou 076450, Hebei, China
  • Received:2020-03-18 Accepted:2020-07-02 Published:2020-08-18 Published online:2020-11-25
  • Contact: Li-Feng ZHANG
  • Supported by:
    Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201503120);Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(18227004D)

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摘要：

为明确华北寒旱区主栽作物的茬口适应性机制与轮作效果, 提出适宜区域种植的轮作组合, 本研究于2015—2019年采用交叉式设计, 对马铃薯、蚕豆、饲用玉米、莜麦、甜菜5种作物进行了以年际间为重复的轮作定位试验。结果表明, 各茬口马铃薯、莜麦、甜菜产量分别是连作的1.30~1.68、1.28~1.48、1.25~1.48倍, 甜菜茬蚕豆产量较连作减产10.58%, 莜麦茬、甜菜茬饲用玉米产量较连作减产9.10%~15.42%; 10种轮作组合的轮作土地当量比(LERr)值为1.09~1.68, 与连作相比, 均表现为有利效应, 其中莜麦→马铃薯、甜菜→马铃薯、饲用玉米→马铃薯、蚕豆→马铃薯、莜麦→甜菜的LERr值较高。蚕豆、饲用玉米作物耐连作; 就产量而言, 华北寒旱区适宜种植的轮作组合为莜麦→马铃薯、甜菜→马铃薯、饲用玉米→马铃薯、蚕豆→马铃薯和莜麦→甜菜。

关键词: 华北寒旱区, 作物, 轮作, 土地当量比

Abstract:

To understand mechanisms of crop adaptability to various previous crop croppings, evaluate crop performance on the croppings, and identify suitable crop combinations for rotation of major crops in the cold and arid region of Northern China. A five-year field experiment was conducted using five crops from 2015 to 2019, including potato (Solanum tuberosum), faba bean (Vicia faba), forage maize (Zea mays), oat (Avena sativa), and beet (Beta vulgarwas). Yields of potato, oat, and beet in rotation were 1.30-1.68, 1.28-1.48, and 1.25-1.48 times of those in continuous cropping of single crops, respectively. Yield of faba bean on beet cropping was 10.58% lower than that of continuous faba bean while yield of forage maize on oat or beet stubble was 9.10%-15.42% lower than that of continuous forage maize. The LERr of 10 crop combinations was 1.09-1.68, indicating positive effects of rotation. Combinations of oat → potato, beet → potato, forage maize → potato and faba bean → potato had higher LERr, indicating faba bean and forage maize might be more durable of continuous cropping. In terms of productivity, suitable crop combinations for rotation in the area were oat → potato, beet → potato, forage maize → potato, faba bean → potato and oat → beet.

Key words: the cold and arid region of Northern China, crop, rotation, land equivalent ratio

表1

试验小区种植方式"

试验小区
Experimental plot		 年份Year 试验小区
Experimental plot		 年份Year
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
1 B P B P B 14 FB FM FB FM FB
2 O P O P O 15 P FM P FM P
3 FM P FM P FM 16 B O B O B
4 FB P FB P FB 17 O O O O O
5 P P P P P 18 FM O FM O FM
6 B FB B FB B 19 FB O FB O FB
7 O FB O FB O 20 P O P O P
8 FM FB FM FB FM 21 B B B B B
9 FB FB FB FB FB 22 O B O B O
10 P FB P FB P 23 FM B FM B FM
11 B FM B FM B 24 FB B FB B FB
12 O FM O FM O 25 P B P B P
13 FM FM FM FM FM — — — — — —

表2

试验作物播种期与收获期"

作物
Crop		 播种与收获日期 Sowing and harvesting date (month/day)
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
播种
Sowing
date		 收获
Harvesting
date		 播种
Sowing
date		 收获
Harvesting
date		 播种
Sowing
date		 收获
Harvesting
date		 播种
Sowing
date		 收获
Harvesting
date		 播种
Sowing
date		 收获
Harvesting
date
马铃薯Potato 04/30 09/18 05/02 08/25 04/25 09/16 04/28 09/12 05/03 09/17
蚕豆Faba bean 05/04 08/21 05/04 08/24 05/19 08/26 05/15 09/09 05/14 09/16
饲用玉米Forage maize 05/26 09/20 05/22 08/26 05/19 09/11 05/15 09/15 05/14 09/21
莜麦Oat 05/31 09/16 05/21 09/03 05/25 09/08 05/23 09/01 05/23 09/18
甜菜Beet 05/23 10/07 05/25 10/01 05/27 10/01 05/29 10/03 05/20 09/28

表3

各茬口作物的经济产量"

作物
Crop		 年份
Year		 茬口Cropping
马铃薯茬
Potato cropping		 蚕豆茬
Faba bean cropping		 饲用玉米茬
Forage maize cropping		 莜麦茬
Oat cropping		 甜菜茬
Beet cropping
马铃薯
Potato		 2016 2163.07 4254.37 4238.45 5833.94 4308.85
2017 2801.63 3776.77 4504.18 4358.62 3416.63
2018 3592.31 5504.73 6470.60 6405.94 5898.10
2019 4711.07 5725.97 5339.61 5714.08 3615.10
平均Average 3317.02 a 4815.46 ab 5138.21 b 5578.15 b 4309.67 ab
蚕豆
Faba bean		 2016 1684.84 1775.89 3289.14 1838.42 1758.38
2017 2207.77 1540.77 1739.20 1570.79 1288.98
2018 1333.05 1435.22 1750.29 1533.71 966.93
2019 2771.22 1978.16 1858.91 1915.53 2003.43
平均Average 1999.22 a 1682.51a 2159.39a 1714.61a 1504.43a
饲用玉米
Forage maize		 2016 13,861.37 14,350.51 12,467.90 11,515.76 8099.60
2017 17,271.16 16,558.21 16,776.81 13,681.24 12,204.87
2018 19,993.85 16,922.10 16,420.76 17,487.80 16,897.30
2019 17,130.04 18,201.34 14,700.37 12,189.03 13,858.04
平均Average 17,064.11 b 16,508.04 ab 15,091.46 ab 13,718.46 ab 12,764.95 a
莜麦
Oat		 2016 3151.58 2601.30 2101.05 1950.98 2451.23
2017 2486.32 2090.49 2646.33 1525.14 1597.04
2018 2207.76 2059.03 1854.65 1148.67 1316.63
2019 2206.59 2173.76 2298.03 2162.77 3353.97
平均Average 2513.06 a 2231.15 a 2225.02 a 1696.89 a 2179.72 a
甜菜
Beet		 2016 12173.89 10865.77 9355.20 9456.63 8393.31
2017 11,378.05 9843.94 11,423.90 9293.52 7019.03
2018 9471.98 9519.76 9543.03 8795.43 6151.40
2019 11,485.23 10,670.61 9484.93 10,160.39 8583.51
平均Average 11,127.29 c 10,225.02 bc 9951.77 bc 9426.49 b 7536.81 a

图1

各茬口马铃薯、甜菜的病情指数"

表4

不同种植模式下作物土地当量比"

作物
Crop		 年份
Year		 马铃薯茬
Potato cropping		 蚕豆茬
Faba bean cropping		 饲用玉米茬
Forage maize cropping		 莜麦茬
Oat cropping		 甜菜茬
Beet cropping
作物土地
当量比
LERc		 效应Effect 作物土地当量比LERc 效应Effect 作物土地
当量比
LERc		 效应
Effect		 作物土地
当量比
LERc		 效应Effect 作物土地
当量比
LERc		 效应Effect
马铃薯 2016 1.00 0 1.97 + 1.96 + 2.70 + 1.99 +
Potato 2017 1.00 0 1.35 + 1.61 + 1.56 + 1.22 +
2018 1.00 0 1.53 + 1.80 + 1.78 + 1.64 +
2019 1.00 0 1.22 + 1.13 + 1.21 + 0.77 -
Average 1.00 a 0 1.52 ab + 1.63 ab + 1.81 b + 1.41 ab +
蚕豆 2016 0.95 - 1.00 0 1.85 + 1.04 + 0.99 -
Faba bean 2017 1.43 + 1.00 0 1.13 + 1.02 + 0.84 -
2018 0.93 - 1.00 0 1.22 + 1.07 + 0.67 -
2019 1.40 + 1.00 0 0.94 - 0.97 - 1.01 +
Average 1.18 ab + 1.00 ab 0 1.29 b + 1.03 ab + 0.88 a -
饲用玉米 2016 1.11 + 1.15 + 1.00 0 0.92 - 0.65 -
Forage 2017 1.03 + 0.99 - 1.00 0 0.82 - 0.73 -
maize 2018 1.22 + 1.03 + 1.00 0 1.06 + 1.03 +
2019 1.17 + 1.24 + 1.00 0 0.83 - 0.94 -
Average 1.13 b + 1.10 b + 1.00 ab 0 0.91 a - 0.84 a -
莜麦 2016 1.62 + 1.33 + 1.08 + 1.00 0 1.26 +
Oat 2017 1.63 + 1.37 + 1.74 + 1.00 0 1.05 +
2018 1.92 + 1.79 + 1.61 + 1.00 0 1.15 +
2019 1.02 + 1.01 + 1.06 + 1.00 0 1.55 +
Average 1.55 b + 1.38 ab + 1.37 ab + 1.00 a 0 1.25 ab +
甜菜 2016 1.45 + 1.29 + 1.11 + 1.13 + 1.00 0
Beet 2017 1.62 + 1.40 + 1.63 + 1.32 + 1.00 0
2018 1.54 + 1.55 + 1.55 + 1.43 + 1.00 0
2019 1.34 + 1.24 + 1.11 + 1.18 + 1.00 0
Average 1.49 b + 1.37 b + 1.35 b + 1.27 b + 1.00 a 0

表5

作物种植模式的轮作土地当量比"

种植模式
Cropping pattern		 年份
Year		 轮作土地当量比LERr 效应Effect 种植模式
Cropping pattern		 年份
Year		 轮作土地当量比LERr 效应Effect
连作马铃薯 2016 1.00 0 甜菜→马铃薯 2016 1.72 ++
Continuous cropping potato 2017 1.00 0 Beet→Potato 2017 1.42 ++
2018 1.00 0 2018 1.59 ++
2019 1.00 0 2019 1.06 +-
Average 1.00 a 0 Average 1.45 cd +
连作蚕豆
Continuous cropping
faba bean		 2016 1.00 0 饲用玉米→蚕豆 2016 1.50 ++
2017 1.00 0 Forage maize→Faba bean 2017 1.06 +-
2018 1.00 0 2018 1.13 ++
2019 1.00 0 2019 1.09 +-
Average 1.00 a 0 Average 1.20 abc +
连作饲用玉米
Continuous cropping
forage maize		 2016 1.00 0 莜麦→蚕豆 2016 1.19 ++
2017 1.00 0 Oat→Faba bean 2017 1.20 ++
2018 1.00 0 2018 1.43 ++
2019 1.00 0 2019 0.99 +-
Average 1.00 a 0 Average 1.20 abc +
连作莜麦 2016 1.00 0 甜菜→蚕豆 2016 1.14 +-
Continuous cropping oat 2017 1.00 0 Beet→Faba bean 2017 1.12 +-
2018 1.00 0 2018 1.11 +-
2019 1.00 0 2019 1.13 ++
Average 1.00 a 0 Average 1.13 ab +
连作甜菜 2016 1.00 0 莜麦→饲用玉米 2016 1.00 0
Continuous cropping beet 2017 1.00 0 Oat→Forage maize 2017 1.28 +-
2018 1.00 0 2018 1.34 ++
2019 1.00 0 2019 0.95 +-
Average 1.00 a 0 Average 1.14 ab +
蚕豆→马铃薯 2016 1.46 +- 甜菜→饲用玉米 2016 0.88 +-
Faba bean→Potato 2017 1.39 ++ Beet→Forage maize 2017 1.18 +-
2018 1.23 +- 2018 1.29 ++
2019 1.31 ++ 2019 1.03 +-
Average 1.35 bc + Average 1.10 ab +
饲用玉米→马铃薯 2016 1.54 ++ 甜菜→莜麦 2016 1.20 ++
Forage maize→Potato 2017 1.32 ++ Beet→Oat 2017 1.19 ++
2018 1.51 ++ 2018 1.29 ++
2019 1.15 ++ 2019 1.37 ++
Average 1.38 bc + Average 1.26 abc +
莜麦→马铃薯 2016 2.16 ++
Oat→Potato 2017 1.6 ++
2018 1.85 ++
2019 1.12 ++
Average 1.68 d +
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