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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (4): 930-941.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12073

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

我国作物生产碳排放特征及助力碳中和的减排固碳途径

严圣吉1(), 邓艾兴1, 尚子吟1, 唐志伟1, 陈长青3, 张俊1,2,*(), 张卫建1,2,*()   

  1. 1中国农业科学院作物科学研究所, 北京 100081
    2中国农业科学院农业农村碳达峰碳中和研究中心, 北京 100081
    3南京农业大学, 江苏南京 210095
  • 收稿日期:2021-10-14 接受日期:2021-11-15 出版日期:2022-04-12 网络出版日期:2021-11-20
  • 通讯作者: 张俊,张卫建
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 15690307667@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(绿肥, CARS-22);中国科学院学部咨询评议重点项目(2021-SM01-B-008);中国农业科学院科技创新工程资助(Y2021YJ02);中国农业科学院科技创新工程资助(CAAS-XTCX2016008)

Characteristics of carbon emission and approaches of carbon mitigation and sequestration for carbon neutrality in China’s crop production

YAN Sheng-Ji1(), DENG Ai-Xing1, SHANG Zi-Yin1, TANG Zhi-Wei1, CHEN Chang-Qing3, ZHANG Jun1,2,*(), ZHANG Wei-Jian1,2,*()   

  1. 1Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    2Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Center for Carbon neutrality in Agriculture and Rural Region, Beijing 100081, China
    3Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2021-10-14 Accepted:2021-11-15 Published:2022-04-12 Published online:2021-11-20
  • Contact: ZHANG Jun,ZHANG Wei-Jian
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System(Green Manure, CARS-22);Key Projects of Consultation and Evaluation of the Academic Department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2021-SM01-B-008);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Y2021YJ02);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-XTCX2016008)

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摘要：

作物生产不仅保障了国家粮食安全, 也是农业碳排放的主要源, 以及碳固定的重要汇。阐明主要农区作物生产碳排放特征, 探讨其达峰与中和途径, 可以为全国及地方作物生产绿色高质量发展和农业“双碳”目标的战略制定提供重要科学依据。本文基于国家统计数据, 比较分析了我国各地区作物生产碳排放特征, 探讨了助力碳中和的农田减排固碳途径。2018年我国作物生产碳排放占全国农业碳排放总量45.5%, 其中农田甲烷(CH4)、氧化亚氮(N2O)以及农用柴油消费的二氧化碳(CO2)排放分别占农业碳排放总量的22.9%、14.7%和7.9%。从区域排放来看, 作物生产碳排放总量和单位播种面积排放量均呈现南高北低特征, 其中以华东和华中地区最高, 减排潜力大。在作物生产碳排放中, 稻田CH4占50.3%, 是减排重点。我国作物生产碳排放总量于2015年出现峰值, 之后呈现下降趋势, 这与水稻播种面积、农田氮肥用量和农用柴油消费等减少趋势相一致。可见, 如果我国农产品进口不受显著影响, 作物生产碳排放已经呈现达峰趋势。情景推算发现, 仅靠农地土壤固碳很难实现作物生产的碳中和, 需要农田减排与固碳的兼顾。在丰产稳产前提下, 作物生产碳中和要以稻田CH4和旱地N2O减排优先, 在增强土壤碳汇功能的同时, 充分挖掘秸秆资源化利用、用地养地结合和农田林网建设等农田生态系统的综合固碳潜力。

关键词: 作物生产, 粮食安全, 气候变化, 碳达峰, 碳中和, 固碳减排

Abstract:

Crop production not only ensures national food security, but also is the main source of agricultural carbon emissions and an important pool of carbon sequestration. To clarify the characteristics of carbon emissions from crop production and discuss the approaches to reach the peak and neutrality in major agricultural areas can provide important scientific basis to the decision making of green and high-quality agricultural development and “dual-carbon” goal. Based on the national statistical data, this study compared and analyzed the characteristics of carbon emissions in crop planting regions in China, and presented the recommendations for carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emission mitigation. The carbon emissions of crop production accounted for 45.5% of the national agricultural total carbon emissions in 2018, and the emissions of farmland methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) of diesel consumption accounted for 22.9%, 14.7%, and 7.9% of the total carbon emissions of agricultural production, respectively. In terms of the regional emissions, both the total carbon emission of crop production and the carbon emission per sowing area are higher in South than North China, with the highest emissions in East and central China and the greatest potential for emission mitigation. In the carbon emission from crop production, CH4 emission from rice fields accounts for the main part (50.3%) and is the focus of emission reduction. The annual carbon emission of crop production in China peaked in 2015, and then dropped down. It was mainly attributed to the decrease trend of rice sown area, agricultural nitrogen application rate, and diesel oil consumption. If the existing agricultural imports are not significantly affected, the carbon emissions in crop production have basically reached the peak. However, it is very difficult to achieve carbon neutrality in crop production if only by soil carbon sequestration of farmland, and it is necessary to consider both farmland emission reduction and carbon sequestration. On the premise of high and stable grain yield, the carbon neutrality of modern crop production should prioritize CH4 and N2O reduction, and fully exploit the integrated carbon sequestration potential of farmland ecosystems, such as straw utilization, combination of the use and protection of farmland, and construction of farmland forest network.

Key words: crop production, food security, climate change, carbon peak, carbon neutrality, carbon sequestration and mitigation

表1

各稻作区稻田CH4排放因子"

区域
Region		 单季稻 Single cropping rice 双季早稻 Double cropping early rice 双季晚稻 Double cropping late rice
推荐值
Recommended value		 最低值
Min.		 最高值
Max.		 推荐值
Recommended value		 最低值
Min.		 最高值
Max.		 推荐值
Recommended value		 最低值
Min.		 最高值
Max.
华北
North China		 234 134.4 341.9
华东
East China		 215.5 158.2 255.9 211.4 153.1 259.0 224.0 143.4 261.3
华中华南
Central & South China		 236.7 170.2 320.1 241.0 169.5 387.2 273.2 185.3 357.9
西南
Southwest China		 156.2 75.0 246.5 156.2 73.7 276.6 171.7 75.1 265.1
东北
Northeast China		 168.0 112.6 230.3
西北
Northwest China		 231.2 175.9 319.5

表2

各农区N2O排放因子"

省(市、区)
Province (municipality and autonomous region)		 N2O排放因子
N2O emission factor		 范围
Range
内蒙古, 新疆, 甘肃, 青海, 西藏, 陕西, 山西, 宁夏
Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Tibet, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Ningxia		 0.0056 0.0015-0.0085
黑龙江, 吉林, 辽宁
Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning		 0.0114 0.0021-0.0258
北京, 天津, 河北, 河南, 山东
Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan, Shandong		 0.0057 0.0014-0.0081
浙江, 上海, 江苏, 安徽, 江西, 湖南, 湖北, 四川, 重庆
Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing		 0.0109 0.0026-0.0220
广东, 广西, 海南, 福建
Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian		 0.0178 0.0046-0.0228
云南, 贵州
Yunnan, Guizhou		 0.0106 0.0025-0.0218

图1

我国作物生产碳排放总量的区域特征 地图来源于全国地理信息资源目录服务系统(https://www.webmap.cn/)。a: 作物生产碳排放总量(单位: 万吨CO2-eq); b: 作物单位播种面积碳排放(单位: t CO2-eq hm-2)。"

图2

稻田CH4、农田N2O和柴油CO2排放对作物生产碳排放的贡献"

表3

我国各地区作物生产碳排放占农业碳排放总量的比重"

地区
Region		 省(市、区)
Province (municipality and autonomous region)		 作物生产碳排放
Carbon emission
in crop production		 稻田CH4排放
CH4 emission
in paddy field		 农田N2O排放
N2O emission
in farmland		 柴油CO2排放
CO2 emission of
diesel oil
华北
North China		 北京Beijing 19.6 0.1 12.3 7.2
天津Tianjin 31.0 15.2 11.8 4.0
河北Hebei 39.4 1.8 14.1 23.5
山西Shanxi 23.5 0.1 13.3 10.2
内蒙古Inner Mongolia 14.7 2.4 6.4 5.9
东北
Northeast China		 辽宁Liaoning 43.2 12.4 20.4 10.4
吉林Jilin 50.4 17.5 23.6 9.3
黑龙江Heilongjiang 62.1 39.8 12.0 10.3
华东
East China		 上海Shanghai 72.3 35.6 13.4 23.3
江苏Jiangsu 80.5 42.9 26.7 10.9
浙江Zhejiang 85.5 27.3 15.5 42.7
安徽Anhui 77.6 48.3 21.9 7.4
福建Fujian 74.7 27.3 29.0 18.4
江西Jiangxi 69.3 59.7 6.9 2.7
山东Shandong 29.9 2.0 14.5 13.4
华中
Central China		 河南Henan 36.3 9.9 18.6 7.8
湖北Hubei 63.0 40.3 17.6 5.1
湖南Hunan 61.3 48.9 9.9 2.5
华南
South China		 广东Guangdong 72.3 38.5 25.6 8.2
广西Guangxi 58.6 33.0 21.3 4.3
海南Hainan 60.4 26.1 24.9 9.4
西南
Southwest China		 重庆Chongqing 49.2 23.2 20.6 5.4
四川Sichuan 30.2 15.6 11.8 2.8
贵州Guizhou 24.1 12.7 9.9 1.5
云南Yunnan 24.5 9.0 13.6 1.9
西藏Tibet 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.5
西北
Northwest China		 陕西Shaanxi 46.7 4.9 21.1 20.7
甘肃Gansu 12.0 0.1 5.3 6.6
青海Qinghai 1.7 0 0.6 1.1
宁夏Ningxia 26.7 8.0 8.1 10.6
新疆Xinjiang 21.9 1.7 10.4 9.8
全国China 45.5 22.9 14.7 7.9

图3

我国作物生产碳排放组分的区域差异 地图来源于全国地理信息资源目录服务系统(https://www.webmap.cn/)。a: 稻田甲烷排放(单位: 万吨CO2-eq); b: 农田氧化亚氮排放(单位: 万吨CO2-eq); c: 农用柴油二氧化碳排放(单位: 万吨CO2-eq)。"

图4

我国作物播种面积(a)、氮肥和柴油用量(b)以及各省碳排放(c, d)变化趋势 图a~b中数据来源于国家统计局(2020), 地图来源于全国地理信息资源目录服务系统(https://www.webmap.cn/)。图b中氮肥指纯氮用量。c为2001-2015年作物生产碳排放变化趋势(单位: 万吨CO2-eq 年-1); d为2015-2018年作物生产碳排放变化趋势(单位: 万吨CO2-eq年-1)。"

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