转型期作物生产发展的机遇与挑战

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00791

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国作物生产正处于由传统手工劳动为主的小规模生产向机械化、集约化、信息化程度高的适度规模化生产过渡的转型期。在此期间, 作物生产发展的重要目标是实现单位耕地生产率与人均劳动生产率的同步提高。近年来, 中国作物生产能力的稳步提高、生产方式的重大转变以及工业经济的迅速发展为转型期作物生产发展创造了新的机遇, 但同时也带来了新的挑战, 涉及多熟制作物生育期缩短、大田生产用种量增加和杂种优势利用价值下降等方面。针对上述挑战, 笔者从发展密植高光效栽培、提高杂交作物种子质量以及加强育种与栽培协同攻关等方面展望了转型期作物生产的研究方向。

关键词: 作物生产, 种植方式, 生育期, 种子用量, 杂种优势, 密植, 种子质量

Abstract:

China’s crop production goes in to a transition period from the small household mode mainly with traditional manual works to the moderately large-scale mode with high degrees of mechanization, intensification and informatization. The important goal of crop production during this period is to simultaneously enhance productivity per unit land area and per capita. In recent years, steadily increased crop production capacity, significant change in crop production patterns and rapid development of industrial economy have created new opportunities for China’s crop production during the transition period. But at the same time, new challenges have also been raised, including shortened crop growth duration in multiple cropping systems, increased seed rate per unit land area and decreased values of heterosis. Aiming these challenges, we proposed that crop production researches should be focused on developing high light-efficiency cultivation technologies through dense planting, improving seed quality of hybrid crops and strengthening collaboration between breeders and agronomists during the transition period.

Key words: crop production, planting method, growth duration, seed rate, heterosis, dense planting, seed quality

邹应斌,黄敏. 转型期作物生产发展的机遇与挑战[J]. 作物学报, 2018, 44(6): 791-795.

Ying-Bin ZOU,Min HUANG. Opportunities and Challenges for Crop Production in China during the Transition Period[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2018, 44(6): 791-795.

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链接本文: https://zwxb.chinacrops.org/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00791

https://zwxb.chinacrops.org/CN/Y2018/V44/I6/791

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种植制度 Cropping system	人工育苗移栽 Manual seedling transplanting				人工直播栽培 Manual direct seeding
	前茬作物 Previous crop		后茬作物 Subsequent crop		前茬作物 Previous crop		后茬作物 Subsequent crop
	播种期 Sowing date (month/day)	生育期 Growth duration (d)	播种期 Sowing date (month/day)	生育期 Growth duration (d)	播种期 Sowing date (month/day)	生育期 Growth duration (d)	播种期 Sowing date (month/day)	生育期 Growth duration (d)
早稻-晚稻 Early season rice-late season rice	3/20-3/30	110-120	6/15-6/25	110-120	4/5-4/10	100-110	7/10-7/15	≤100
中稻-再生稻 Middle season rice-ratoon rice	4/1-4/5	130-140	8/10-8/15	60-65	4/5-4/10	125-135	8/10-8/15	60-65
中稻-油菜 Middle season rice-oilseed rape	4/10-5/20	135-150	9/5-9/15	215-230	5/10-5/20	125-135	9/25-10/10	190-200
中稻-小麦 Middle season rice-wheat	4/10-5/20	135-150	—	—	5/15-5/25	120-130	9/20-10/20	≤190
春玉米-晚稻 Spring maize-late season rice	4/1-4/5	110-120	6/15-6/25	110-120	4/5-4/10	110-115	7/10-7/15	≤100
烟草-晚稻 Tobacco-late season rice	12/15-12/30	185-200	6/15-6/25	110-120	—	—	7/10-7/15	≤100

作物 Crop	人工育苗移栽 Manual seedling transplanting			人工直播栽培 Manual direct seeding
	种植密度 Planting density (×10³ hills hm^-2)	用种量 Seed rate (kg hm^-2)		种植密度 Planting density (×10³ hills hm^-2)	用种量 Seed rate (kg hm^-2)
	种植密度 Planting density (×10³ hills hm^-2)	常规种子 Inbred seed	杂交种子 Hybrid seed	种植密度 Planting density (×10³ hills hm^-2)	常规种子 Inbred seed	杂交种子 Hybrid seed
油菜 Oilseed rape	30-45	1.5-3.0	≤1.5	≥300	7.5-9.0	≤4.5
棉花 Cotton	15-45	15-30	≤15.0	67.5-180	45-60	≤30
水稻 Rice	180-360	45-60	≤22.5	450-750	60-90	30-45
玉米 Maize	45-60	—	≤15.0	120-150	—	30-45