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作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (1): 1-14.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.03058

• 综述 •    下一篇

覆盖作物及其作用的研究进展

蹇述莲1,2(), 李书鑫1, 刘胜群1,*(), 李向楠1,2,*()   

  1. 1中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所, 吉林长春 130102
    2中国科学院大学, 北京100049
  • 收稿日期:2020-10-14 接受日期:2021-06-15 出版日期:2022-01-12 网络出版日期:2021-06-22
  • 通讯作者: 刘胜群,李向楠
  • 作者简介:E-mail: jianshulian1122@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金委优秀青年基金(小麦抗低温生理生态)项目(31922064);中国科学院百人计划项目(小麦抗逆栽培生理生态)资助(C08Y194)

Research advances of cover crops and their important roles

JIAN Shu-Lian1,2(), LI Shu-Xin1, LIU Sheng-Qun1,*(), LI Xiang-Nan1,2,*()   

  1. 1Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, Jilin, China
    2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • Received:2020-10-14 Accepted:2021-06-15 Published:2022-01-12 Published online:2021-06-22
  • Contact: LIU Sheng-Qun,LI Xiang-Nan
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars(31922064);CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Program(C08Y194)

摘要:

在农作物种植系统中, 田间杂草、土壤因素对作物的生长发育、产量和品质的影响一直都是农业领域关注的热点。大量使用化肥和除草剂可以达到作物增产、除草的目的, 但其对土壤和环境造成的负面影响, 严重制约了农业生产的可持续发展。种植覆盖作物是一种实现农业可持续发展的新策略, 可以达到控制杂草、减少氮肥施用、改善土壤质量等目的。本文主要从覆盖作物的起源与发展过程、主要种类和作用及其种植制度等方面, 总结了目前覆盖作物的研究进展及其在作物种植中的应用, 以期为覆盖作物在我国农业生产中的研究与应用提供理论基础。

关键词: 覆盖作物, 杂草控制, 土壤质量, 氮肥管理

Abstract:

In crop planting system, the influences of field weeds and soil properties on crop growth and development, yield, and quality have always been paid close attention to agriculture field. Overdose applications of chemical fertilizers and herbicides are beneficial for crop yield and well control of weeds, however, their negative impacts on soil and environment seriously restrict the sustainable development of agricultural production. Planting cover crops have been considered as a novel strategy to achieve sustainable agricultural development, which can help to control weeds, reduce nitrogen application, and improve soil quality. We summarize the current research advance progress of cover crops and their application in crop cultivation, including the origin and development process, main types, functions, and cropping systems of cover crops, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the research and application of cover crops in agriculture production in China.

Key words: cover crops, weed control, soil quality, nitrogen management

表1

国外部分国家不同地区覆盖作物的种类"

位置
Location
地区
Region
年份
Year
主栽作物
Main crop
覆盖作物
Cover crop
参考文献
Reference
美国东北部
Northeast US
马里兰州
Maryland
2001-2002 大豆 Soybean 黑麦, 饲料萝卜 Rye, fodder radish
油菜, 油料萝卜 Canola, oilseed radish
[73]
特拉华州
Delaware
1989-1991 玉米 Maize 黑麦 Rye [74]
美国中北部
North-central US
爱荷华州
Iowa
1994-1998 大豆 Soybean 燕麦, 黑麦 Oat, rye [75]
爱荷华州
Iowa
1994-1997 大豆 Soybean 燕麦, 黑麦 Oat, rye [76]
密歇根州
Michigan
1994-1996 冬小麦-玉米
Winter wheat-maize
埃及三叶草 Berseem clover
中红三叶草 Medium red clover
一年生苜蓿 Annual medic species
[77]
明尼苏达州
Minnesota
2008-2009 番茄 Tomato
甜椒 Bell pepper
西葫芦 Zucchini
冬黑麦 Winter rye
毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch
[20]
位置
Location
地区
Region
年份
Year
主栽作物
Main crop
覆盖作物
Cover crop
参考文献
Reference
美国中部
Central US
科罗拉多州
Colorado
2006-2008 马铃薯 Potato 一年生黑麦草 Annual ryegrass
大麦, 向日葵 Barley, sunflower
高粱-苏丹草 Sorghum-Sudan grass
芥菜, 油菜, 豌豆 Mustard, canola, pea
[78]
美国东南部
Southeast US
乔治亚州
Georgia
1994-1997 番茄 Tomato 毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch [79]
加拿大东南部
Southeast Canada
魁北克省
Quebec
1993-1994 玉米 Maize 绛车轴草 Crimson clover
埃及三叶草 Berseem clover
波斯三叶草 Persian clover
草莓三叶草 Strawberry clover
地三叶草 Subterranean clover
黄花草木犀 Yellow sweet clover
天蓝苜蓿, 苜蓿 Black medic, alfalfa
冬黑麦, 毛叶苕子 Fall rye, hairy vetch
红三叶草+黑麦草 Red clover + ryegrass
白三叶草+黑麦草 White clover + ryegrass
[28]
加拿大中南部
South-central Canada
曼尼托巴省
Manitoba
1997-1999 冬小麦 Winter wheat
秋黑麦 Fall rye
黑扁豆 Black lentil
山黧豆 Chickling vetch
苜蓿, 红三叶草 Alfalfa, red clover
[80]
荷兰中部
Central Netherlands
海尔德兰省
赫宁根市
Gelderland Wageningen
2003-2004 黑小麦 Triticale 白羽扇豆 White lupin
饲料萝卜 Fodder radish
冬季油菜 Winter oilseed rape
意大利黑麦草 Italian ryegrass
冬黑麦, 苜蓿 Winter rye, alfalfa
[81]
法国东南部
Southeast France
法国东南部
有机农场
Organic farms in southeastern France
2008-2010 冬小麦 Winter wheat
春小麦 Spring wheat
玉米 Maize
苜蓿 Alfalfa
天蓝苜蓿 Black medic
红三叶草 Red clover
白三叶草White clover
[82]
日本中部
Central Japan
茨城县
Ibaraki University
2000-2001 旱稻 Upland rice 黑麦 Rye
红三叶草 Red clover
[3]
茨城县
Ibaraki University
2003-2005 旱稻 Upland rice 黑麦 Rye
毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch
[83]

表2

中国不同地区种植覆盖作物的种类"

位置
Location
地区
Region
年份
Year
主栽作物
Main crop
覆盖作物
Cover crop
参考文献
Reference
华中
Central
China
湖北荆州
Jingzhou, Hubei
2013-2014 水稻
Rice
油菜, 小麦 Oilseed rape, wheat [84]
湖北十堰
Shiyan, Hubei
2016-2018 猕猴桃
Kiwi fruit
波斯菊, 百日草 Coreopsis, zinnia
黑麦草, 早熟禾 Ryegrass, bluegrass
紫羊茅, 白三叶 Red fescue, white clover
红三叶, 毛叶苕子 Red clover, hairy vetch
[21]
湖北十堰
Shiyan, Hubei
2016-2018 猕猴桃
Kiwi fruit
黑麦草, 白三叶 Ryegrass, white clover [22]
位置
Location
地区
Region
年份
Year
主栽作物
Main crop
覆盖作物
Cover crop
参考文献
Reference
华中
Central
China
湖北十堰
Shiyan, Hubei
2018
Tea
波斯菊, 百日草 Coreopsis, zinnia
黑麦草, 早熟禾 Ryegrass, bluegrass
紫羊茅, 白三叶 Red fescue, white clover
红三叶, 毛叶苕子 Red clover, hairy vetch
[85]
湖南华容
Huarong, Hunan
2014-2017 双季稻
Double-crop rice
油菜, 马铃薯 Oilseed rape, potato
黑麦草, 紫云英 Ryegrass, milk vetch
[53]
湖南长沙
Changsha, Hunan
2004-2015 双季稻
Double-crop rice
油菜, 马铃薯 Oilseed rape, potato
黑麦草, 紫云英 Ryegrass, milk vetch
[86]
湖南长沙
Changsha, Hunan
2004-2007 双季稻
Double-crop rice
油菜, 马铃薯 Oilseed rape, potato
黑麦草, 紫云英 Ryegrass, milk vetch
[87]
湖南益阳
Yiyang, Hunan
2010-2012 双季稻
Double-crop rice
油菜 Oilseed rape
黑麦草, 紫云英 Ryegrass, milk vetch
[88]
华东
Eastern
China
安徽怀远
Huaiyuan, Anhui
2017-2018 冬小麦/夏玉米
Winter wheat/
summer maize
苜蓿, 油菜 Alfalfa, oilseed rape
萝卜, 毛叶苕子 Radish, hairy vetch
[89]
安徽淮南
Huainan, Anhui
2015 蓝莓
Blueberry
白三叶 White clover [90]
华北
North
China
天津南开
Nankai, Tianjin
2009-2010 冬闲田
Winter fallow field
二月兰 Orychophragmus violaceus
草木犀, 苜蓿 Sweet clover, alfalfa
毛叶苕子, 黑麦草 Hairy vetch, ryegrass
[91]
山西太原
Taiyuan, Shanxi
2016 玉米
Maize
大豆 Soybean [92]
东北
Northeast
China
辽宁沈阳
Shenyang, Liaoning
2011-2015 大豆/玉米
Soybean/maize
黑麦 Rye [93]
辽宁朝阳
Chaoyang, Liaoning
2012-2015 大豆/玉米
Soybean/maize
黑麦, 燕麦 Rye, oat
谷子, 卷心菜 Millet, cabbage
野豌豆, 毛叶苕子 Vetch, hairy vetch
饲用高粱, 萝卜 Fodder sorghum, radish
[94]
西北
Northwest
China
陕西榆林
Yulin, Shaanxi
2014-2015 马铃薯
Potato
苜蓿, 草木犀 Alfalfa, sweet clover
冬小麦, 黑麦草 Winter wheat, ryegrass
[95]

图1

在主栽作物(白色)中种植覆盖作物(黑色)的主要模式[6]"

表3

中国不同地区种植覆盖作物的种植情况"

地区
Region
覆盖作物
Cover crop
种植制度
Cropping system
种植效果
Planting effect
参考文献
Reference
湖北荆州
Jingzhou, Hubei
小麦 Wheat
油菜 Oilseed rape
与水稻轮作
Crop rotation
with rice
促进冬闲期稻田CH4和CO2的排放。油菜>小麦。
Promoted CH4 and CO2 emission during winter slack season. Oilseed rape > wheat.
[84]
湖北十堰
Shiyan, Hubei
百日草 Zinnia
黑麦草 Ryegrass
早熟禾 Bluegrass
波斯菊 Coreopsis
紫羊茅 Red fescue
红三叶 Red clover
白三叶 White clover
毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch
与猕猴桃间作
Intercropping
with kiwi fruit
提高了土壤微生物群落对碳源利用程度、功能多样性指数和丰富度指数。
Improved the carbon source utilization, functional diversity index, and richness index in soil microbial community.
[21]
湖北十堰
Shiyan, Hubei
黑麦草 Ryegrass
白三叶 White clover
与猕猴桃间作
Intercropping
with kiwi fruit
改变了土壤环境因子, 并影响土壤微生物群落结构组成。
Changed the soil environmental factors and affected the composition in soil microbial community.
[22]
湖北十堰
Shiyan, Hubei
百日草 Zinnia
黑麦草 Ryegrass
早熟禾 Bluegrass
波斯菊 Coreopsis
紫羊茅 Red fescue
红三叶 Red clover
白三叶 White clover
毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch
与茶树间作
Intercropping
with tea
显著增加茶园节肢动物群落的多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数。
Cover crops significantly increased the diversity, richness, and evenness indices of arthropod community in the tea orchard.
[85]
湖南华容
Huarong, Hunan
马铃薯 Potato
黑麦草 Ryegrass
油菜 Oilseed rape
紫云英 Milk vetch
与双季稻轮作
Crop rotation
with double-
crop rice
秸秆还田提高双季稻田根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力、物种丰富度和均匀度。马铃薯>油菜>紫云英>黑麦草。
Straw mulching improved the utilization of carbon sources, species richness and evenness of soil microorganisms.
Potato > oilseed rape > milk vetch > ryegrass.
[53]
湖南长沙
Changsha, Hunan
马铃薯 Potato
黑麦草 Ryegrass
油菜 Oilseed rape
紫云英 Milk vetch
与双季稻轮作
Crop rotation
with double-
crop rice
秸秆还田增加了稻田总有机碳和活性有机碳含量。
马铃薯>紫云英>黑麦草>油菜。
Straw mulching increased the content of soil total organic carbon and active organic carbon in rice field.
Potato > milk vetch > ryegrass > oilseed rape.
[86]
湖南长沙
Changsha, Hunan
马铃薯 Potato
黑麦草 Ryegrass
油菜 Oilseed rape
紫云英 Milk vetch
与双季稻轮作
Crop rotation
with double-
crop rice
提高土壤微生物量氮含量: 黑麦草>紫云英>马铃薯>油菜。
Cover crops increased soil microbial biomass nitrogen content: Ryegrass > milk vetch > potato > oilseed rape.
提高土壤有机质和有效养分含量。
Cover crops increased the content of soil organic matter and available nutrients.
[87]
湖南益阳
Yiyang,
Hunan
油菜 Oilseed rape
黑麦草 Ryegrass
紫云英 Milk vetch
与双季稻轮作
Crop rotation
with double-
crop rice
秸秆还田提高了稻田土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量:
紫云英>黑麦草>油菜。
Straw mulching improved the total organic carbon and active organic carbon content of the paddy soil: Milk vetch >
ryegrass > oilseed rape.
秸秆还田提高了土壤碳库活度、碳库活度指数、碳库指数和碳库管理指数: 紫云英>黑麦草>油菜。
Straw mulching improved soil carbon pool activity, index of carbon pool activity, carbon pool and carbon pool management: Milk vetch > ryegrass > oilseed rape.
[88]
地区
Region
覆盖作物
Cover crop
种植制度
Cropping system
种植效果
Planting effect
参考文献
Reference
安徽怀远
Huaiyuan, Anhui
苜蓿 Alfalfa
萝卜 Radish
油菜 Oilseed rape
毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch
与玉米轮作
Crop rotation
with maize
在压实土壤中的穿透能力: 萝卜+毛叶苕子>苜蓿、油菜。
The penetrability in compacted soil: Radish + hairy vetch > alfalfa, oilseed rape.
[89]
安徽淮南
Huainan,
Anhui
白三叶 White clover 与蓝莓间作
Intercropping
with blueberry
有效控制蓝莓行间杂草。
Effectively controlled weeds between blueberry rows.
[90]
天津南开
Nankai,
Tianjin
苜蓿 Alfalfa
黑麦草 Ryegrass
草木犀 Sweet clover
毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch
二月兰 Orychophragmus violaceus
冬闲期
Winter slack season
提高了氮素蓄积: 苜蓿>草木樨>毛叶苕子>二月兰>黑麦草。
Cover crops increased nitrogen accumulation: Alfalfa > sweet clover > hairy vetch > Orychophragmus violaceus > ryegrass.
黑麦草可明显降低土壤容重。
Ryegrass can significantly reduce soil bulk density.
毛叶苕子和苜蓿均可显著降低土壤pH。
Both hairy vetch and alfalfa can significantly reduce the pH of the soil.
二月兰和黑麦草可显著提高土壤水分含量。
Orychophragmus violaceus and ryegrass can significantly increase soil moisture content.
[91]
山西太原
Taiyuan, Shanxi
大豆 Soybean 与玉米间作
Intercropping
with maize
提高了玉米的养分利用率。
Soybean improved the nutrient efficiency in maize.
提高了土壤含水量、玉米产量。
Soybean increased soil moisture content and maize yield.
改善田间小气候。
Soybean improved field microclimate.
[92]
辽宁沈阳
Shenyang, Liaoning
黑麦 Rye 与作物轮作
Crop rotation
with crop
黑麦可提升土壤水稳性团聚体。
Rye can improve soil water stability aggregates.
[93]
辽宁朝阳
Chaoyang, Liaoning
燕麦 Oat
黑麦 Rye
谷子 Millet
野豌豆 Vetch
萝卜 Radish
卷心菜 Cabbage
毛叶苕子 Hairy vetch
饲用高粱
Fodder sorghum
与大豆/玉米
间作
Intercropping
with soybean
or maize
有改变土壤化学特性的潜力, 可增加土壤表层的有机质含量。
Had the potential to change the chemical characteristics of soil and increased the content of organic matter in soil surface layer.
[94]
陕西榆林
Yulin,
Shaanxi
苜蓿 Alfalfa
草木犀 Sweet clover
冬小麦 Winter wheat
黑麦草 Ryegrass
与马铃薯轮作
Crop rotation
with potato
土壤TOC、DOC、DON、TN含量: 苜蓿>草木犀>
冬小麦、黑麦草。
Soil TOC, DOC, DON, and TN content: Alfalfa >
sweet clover > ryegrass, winter wheat.
土壤C/N: 苜蓿<草木犀、冬小麦、黑麦草。
Soil C/N: Alfalfa < sweet clover, ryegrass, winter wheat.
土壤磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性: 苜蓿>草木犀、冬小麦、黑麦草。
The activities of soil phosphatase, sucrase, urease, and catalase: Alfalfa > sweet clover, ryegrass, winter wheat.
[95]

图2

玉米/覆盖作物种植模式下玉米肥料利用及覆盖作物还田后腐解物养分释放与微生物驱动关系"

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