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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (8): 1603-1615.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.03050

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

丛枝菌根真菌对玉米籽粒产量和氮素吸收的影响

张学林*(), 李晓立, 何堂庆, 张晨曦, 田明慧, 吴梅, 周亚男, 郝晓峰, 杨青华   

  1. 河南农业大学农学院/省部共建小麦玉米作物学国家重点实验室/河南粮食作物协同创新中心, 河南郑州 450002
  • 收稿日期:2020-08-24 接受日期:2021-01-13 出版日期:2021-08-12 网络出版日期:2021-03-01
  • 通讯作者: 张学林
  • 基金资助:
    河南省自然科学基金项目(182300410013);国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0200605);河南农业大学科技创新基金(30500712)

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on grain yield and nitrogen uptake in maize

ZHANG Xue-Lin*(), LI Xiao-Li, HE Tang-Qing, ZHANG Chen-Xi, TIAN Ming-Hui, WU Mei, ZHOU Ya-Nan, HAO Xiao-Feng, YANG Qing-Hua   

  1. Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University/Co-construction State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
  • Received:2020-08-24 Accepted:2021-01-13 Published:2021-08-12 Published online:2021-03-01
  • Contact: ZHANG Xue-Lin
  • Supported by:
    Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(182300410013);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0200605);Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Henan Agricultural University(30500712)

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摘要：

明确丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi, AMF)在玉米籽粒产量和氮素吸收方面的作用, 能够为农田生物肥料配施、养分利用效率提高、作物抗逆能力增强和作物产量增加提供理论依据。2016和2017年2个玉米生育期, 采用分室(生长室和菌丝室)箱体装置, 设置氮肥用量(N180:180 kg hm-2; N360:360 kg hm-2)、小麦秸秆(无秸秆: S0; 有秸秆: S1)和丛枝菌根真菌(M0: 根和AMF不能从生长室进入菌丝室; M1: 只有AMF能从生长室进入菌丝室; M2: 根和AMF均能从生长室进入菌丝室)三因素试验, 测定玉米籽粒产量、植株生物量、植株氮素积累量和根系性状。结果表明, 氮肥用量、秸秆和丛枝菌根真菌均显著影响玉米籽粒产量及其氮素积累量。与N180相比, N360处理显著增加玉米产量及其氮素积累量; 有秸秆处理籽粒产量比无秸秆处理降低6%, 而土壤无机氮增加129%。N180条件下, M1和M2处理玉米产量均值分别比M0增加38%和82%; N360条件下分别增加16%和48%, 其中, 在N180条件下M1对籽粒的贡献量高于N360。秸秆存在与否, AMF均能增加玉米穗长、行粒数和根系总根长; 其中, 有秸秆条件下AMF提高根系生物量及其氮素积累量的能力显著高于无秸秆处理。氮肥用量和秸秆互作条件下, M1和M2处理的行粒数、穗粒数、根、茎、叶生物量及其氮素积累量、根系总根长均显著高于M0; 而土壤无机氮含量显著低于M0, 其中, 在N180和有秸秆条件下, AMF对这些性状的贡献量较大。相关分析和结构方程结果表明, 氮肥用量和AMF均显著提高玉米产量。本研究表明, 不同氮肥用量条件下、小麦秸秆存在与否, 丛枝菌根真菌均能够改善玉米根系特性, 增强氮素吸收能力, 改善穗部性状, 增加玉米籽粒产量。

关键词: 作物秸秆, 丛枝菌根真菌, 氮肥管理, 玉米产量, 养分吸收

Abstract:

Clarifying the role of arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) in yield of maize grain and associated nitrogen (N) uptake can inform the application of organic fertilizer in farmland, thus, improving nutrient use efficiency, enhancing crop resistance to biotic or abiotic stress, and increasing overall crop yield. A 3-factor experiment was designed and carried out during the maize growing season in 2016 and 2017. The factors were as follows: (1) N fertilizer addition (180 kg hm-2 [N180] and 360 kg hm-2 [N360]), (2) wheat straw addition (without straw: S0 and with straw: S1), and (3) three mycorrhizal treatments, including a control (M0, roots and AMF could not enter the hyphal chamber from the growth chamber), an AMF treatment (M1, only AMF can enter the hyphal chamber from the growth chamber), and a root treatment (M2, both roots and AMF can enter the hyphal chamber from the growth chamber). Maize grain yield, plant biomass, N uptake, and root variables were measured. All three factors had a significant effect on maize yield and N uptake. N360 treatment of N fertilizer significantly increased maize yield and their N accumulation compared with N180 treatment. In the case of straw treatment, the grain yield reduced by 6% than that of the treatment without straw, whereas soil inorganic N increased by 129%. For the N180 treatment, mean maize yield of M1 and M2 treatments were 38% and 82% higher than M0, respectively; for the N360 treatment, these were 16% and 48%, respectively. The contribution of AMF to grain yield was higher for N180 than for N360. The AMF treatment increased maize ear length, grain number per row, and total root length independent of straw addition, but the ability of AMF to improve root biomass and N uptake was significantly higher with straw addition than without straw. M1 and M2 treatments significantly increased grain number per row, grain number per spike, plant biomass, N accumulation, and total root length relative to the M0, whereas inorganic soil N declined significantly. The contribution of AMF to maize yield was higher than M0 under conditions of both N180 and straw addition. Correlation analysis and structural equation revealed that N application and AMF significantly increased maize yield. The results showed that AMF could improve maize root properties, enhance N absorption capacity, improve ear traits, and increase maize grain yield under different N application rates and straw conditions.

Key words: crop residue, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, nitrogen fertilizer management, maize yield, nutrient absorption

表1

玉米籽粒产量、植株生物量、氮素积累量和根系特性的方差分析"

项目
Item		 年份
Year		 氮肥处理
Nitrogen (N)		 秸秆处理
Straw (S)		 菌根处理
Mycorrhizae (M)		 N × S N × M S × M N × S × M
产量Yield (g plant-1) 2016 431.97*** 18.38*** 204.09*** 1.19 6.36** 10.93*** 4.62*
2017 287.90*** 21.60*** 430.60*** 0.001 20.70*** 32.80*** 6.80**
收获指数Harvest index (%) 2016 246.67*** 21.86*** 53.95*** 3.28 22.55*** 6.29** 2.84
2017 26.35*** 0.08 29.95*** 0.62 13.40*** 16.16*** 1.08
生物量Biomass (g plant-1)
根Root 2016 17.94*** 2.22 109.44*** 1.24 6.95** 7.08** 1.90
2017 38.34*** 9.87** 116.03*** 1.45 8.41*** 7.41** 1.80
茎Stem 2016 27.94*** 1.41 80.86*** 20.70*** 1.25 0.52 5.45*
2017 49.16*** 5.41* 232.12*** 3.86 4.17* 1.55 0.31
叶Leaf 2016 61.51*** 0.02 88.94*** 5.55* 1.86 4.33* 3.52*
2017 60.58*** 1.98 190.06*** 1.77 0.33 5.36** 1.39
氮素积累量N accumulation (mg plant-1)
籽粒Grain 2016 231.93*** 11.74** 56.63*** 1.31 0.70 2.95 0.24
2017 168.75*** 11.51*** 84.90*** 2.72 5.84** 13.36*** 7.68***
根Root 2016 5.77* 0.21 5.77** 1.77 2.01 0.04 0.19
2017 29.05*** 0.09 9.29*** 7.49** 1.705 0.421 1.621
茎Stem 2016 4.24* 1.47 0.76 10.92** 0.27 0.33 4.07
2017 23.27*** 4.19* 24.31*** 0.13 1.58 0.46 1.51
叶Leaf 2016 25.17*** 0.27 13.34*** 2.09 1.53 1.27 1.73
2017 21.50*** 0.33 12.07*** 0.22 1.39 1.22 0.52
根系特性 Root properties
总根长
Length (cm plant-1)		 2016 75.33*** 15.22*** 91.16*** 96.89*** 0.75 9.21*** 2.99
2017 134.36*** 0.37 50.47*** 81.47*** 2.92 6.51** 2.31
根表面积
Surface area (cm2 plant-1)		 2016 126.99*** 76.79*** 119.24*** 32.72*** 19.44*** 21.64*** 0.26
2017 231.10*** 70.50*** 128.69*** 37.15*** 9.89*** 53.68*** 5.14*
根直径
Diameter (mm)		 2016 13.71*** 3.27 39.07*** 0.37 0.75 11.67*** 0.08
2017 59.44*** 11.43** 101.17** 8.40** 2.39 24.83*** 0.02
根体积
Volume (cm3 plant-1)		 2016 108.79*** 126.57*** 285.66*** 3.20 27.09*** 38.78*** 4.73*
2017 92.89*** 12.01*** 125.09*** 0.06 5.75 18.30*** 1.78

图1

氮肥用量、秸秆和菌根真菌对玉米籽粒产量、氮素积累量和收获指数的影响 M0、M1、M2分别代表对照、菌丝室只有AMF菌丝、菌丝室有根和菌丝。N180S0、N180S1、N360S0、N360S1分别代表施氮量180 kg km-2条件下无秸秆、180 kg km-2条件下有秸秆、360 kg km-2条件下无秸秆、360 kg km-2条件下有秸秆处理。同一年度中, 同列数据后不同字母表示处理间P < 0.05水平差异显著性。"

表2

氮肥用量、秸秆和菌根真菌对玉米穗部性状和土壤无机氮含量的影响"

处理
Treatment		 穗行数
Rows per ear		 行粒数
Kernel number
per row		 穗粒数
Grain number
per spike		 百粒重
100-grain weight
(g)		 土壤无机氮
Soil inorganic N
(mg kg-1)
2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017
N180S0M0 13 ab 13 20.38 cd 15 de 265.25 cd 193.25 d 21.09 20.024 b 24.57 j 25.48 f
N180S0M1 13 ab 13 19.75 cd 16.38 cde 255.75 cd 213 cd 21.04 21.04 ab 23.35 ij 24.84 f
N180S0M2 14 ab 14.5 25 ab 18 bcd 350 ab 261.75 abc 22.23 20.52 b 20.34 j 17.31 g
N180S1M0 13 ab 13.5 17.63 d 14.62 e 230 d 197.25 d 19.78 20.45 b 108.05 b 79.35 b
N180S1M1 12.5 b 13 19.75 cd 16.13 cde 247 cd 209.5 cd 22.25 20.97 ab 61.92 d 41.20 cd
N180S1M2 14.5 a 13.5 25 ab 19.13 abc 361.5 ab 257.25 abc 23.05 20.02 b 44.62 f 35.83 de
N360S0M0 14 ab 14 25.25 ab 17.13 cde 353.5 ab 239.75 bcd 23.37 19.79 b 54.99 e 41.39 cd
N360S0M1 13 ab 13 28.88 a 19.38 abc 376 a 252.75 abc 23.54 21.45 ab 36.88 g 34.05 e
N360S0M2 13.5 ab 13 27.38 a 20.5 ab 370.25 ab 266.75 ab 24.25 22.86 a 33.73 h 22.45 fg
N360S1M0 13.5 ab 13.75 22.38 bc 17.38 bcde 303.25 bc 239.63 bcd 20.67 21.39 ab 136.45 a 104.13 a
N360S1M1 13.5 ab 14 22.5 bc 16.13 cde 303 bc 225.75 bcd 22.61 23.09 a 66.11 c 43.61 c
N360S1M2 14.5 a 14 28.63 a 21.38 a 416.25 a 299.25 a 24.04 20.32 b 64.49 cd 40.58 cd
氮肥处理Nitrogen (N) 1.41 0.63 39.22*** 12.99*** 31.23*** 12.19*** 3.84 6.42* 877.83*** 89.78***
秸秆处理Straw (S) 0.35 0.63 5.99* 0.22 2.21 0.001 0.46 0.06 6029.79*** 745.02***
菌根处理Mycorrhizal (M) 5.56** 1.24 17.41*** 14.56*** 20.22*** 13.43** 2.79 3.31* 1636.23*** 349.68***
N × S 0.35 2.04 1.43 0.56 0.37 0.03 0.98 0.13 1.73 0.07
N × M 1.15 1.84 1.37 0.27 1.65 0.48 0.004 0.65 94.09*** 20.84***
S × M 1.15 0.33 2.75 1.88 3.65 0.86 0.96 4.37* 789.02*** 170.99***
N × S × M 0.62 2.35 2.57 0.88 1.34 0.95 0.04 2.28 13.71*** 4.33*

图2

氮肥用量、秸秆和菌根真菌对玉米根、茎、叶生物量的影响 处理同图1。同一年度中, 同列数据后不同字母表示处理间P < 0.05水平差异显著性。"

图3

氮肥用量、秸秆和菌根真菌对玉米根、茎、叶氮素积累量的影响 处理同图1。同一年度中, 同列数据后不同字母表示处理间P < 0.05水平差异显著性。"

图4

氮肥用量、秸秆和菌根真菌对玉米总根长、根表面积、根直径、根体积的影响 处理同图1。同一年度中, 同列数据后不同字母表示处理间P < 0.05水平差异显著性。"

表3

玉米籽粒产量、收获指数以及籽粒氮素积累量与玉米根系性状、穗部性状、生物量及其氮素积累量的皮尔逊相关系数"

性状
Trait		 参数
Parameter		 产量
Yield (g plant-1)		 收获指数
Harvest index (%)		 籽粒氮素积累量
Grain accumulation (mg plant-1)
2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017
根系
Root traits		 总根长Length (cm plant-1) 0.69** 0.64** 0.62** 0.19 0.60** 0.62**
根表面积Surface area (cm2 plant-1) 0.84** 0.62** 0.82** 0.04 0.74** 0.56**
根直径Diameter (mm) 0.73** 0.66** 0.62** 0.08 0.66** 0.53**
根体积Volume (cm3 plant-1) 0.83** 0.67** 0.74** 0.05 0.72** 0.59**
穗部
Ear traits		 穗长Ear length (cm) 0.92** 0.70** 0.86** 0.37* 0.86** 0.68**
穗粗Ear diameter (cm) 0.29* 0.68** 0.22 0.64** 0.17 0.63**
穗行数Rows per ear 0.47** 0.03 0.50** -0.14 0.45** -0.001
行粒数Kernel number per row 0.82** 0.61** 0.74** 0.18 0.77** 0.57**
穗粒数Grain number per spike 0.83** 0.56** 0.77** 0.12 0.77** 0.51**
百粒重100-grain weight (g) 0.16 0.42** 0.12 0.51** 0.15 0.50**
生物量
Biomass
(g plant-1)		 根Root 0.78** 0.73** 0.63** 0.14 0.68** 0.59**
茎Stem 0.72** 0.83** 0.51** 0.17 0.67** 0.72**
叶Leaf 0.84** 0.87** 0.67** 0.26 0.79** 0.74**
氮素积累量
N accumulation
(mg plant-1)		 根Root 0.53** 0.52** 0.46** 0.23 0.49** 0.55**
茎Stem 0.19 0.71** 0.09 0.19 0.25 0.69**
叶Leaf 0.65** 0.61** 0.55** 0.25 0.67** 0.65**

图5

氮肥用量、秸秆和菌根真菌直接或间接影响玉米籽粒产量的结构方程模型(SEM)分析 实线和虚线分别表示正路径和负路径, 数值表示路径系数; R2值表示相关系数。"

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