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作物学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (8): 1250-1259.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.82051

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

耕作与秸秆还田方式对稻田N2O排放、水稻氮吸收及产量的影响

冯珺珩1,黄金凤1,刘天奇1,曹凑贵1,2,李成芳1,2,*()   

  1. 1 农业部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室/华中农业大学植物科学技术学院, 湖北武汉 430070
    2 长江大学/长江大学主要粮食作物产业化湖北省协同创新中心, 湖北荆州 434023
  • 收稿日期:2018-10-21 接受日期:2019-01-19 出版日期:2019-08-12 网络出版日期:2019-03-29
  • 通讯作者: 李成芳
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31671637);国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0301403);湖北省自然科学基金项目资助(2018CFB608)

Effects of tillage and straw returning methods on N2O emission from paddy fields, nitrogen uptake of rice plant and grain yield

FENG Jun-Heng1,HUANG Jin-Feng1,LIU Tian-Qi1,CAO Cou-Gui1,2,LI Cheng-Fang1,2,*()   

  1. 1 MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River/College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
    2 Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
  • Received:2018-10-21 Accepted:2019-01-19 Published:2019-08-12 Published online:2019-03-29
  • Contact: Cheng-Fang LI
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31671637);the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0301403);the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2018CFB608)

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摘要：

保护性耕作是改善农田土壤肥力的重要举措, 然而其对作物氮吸收与产量的作用尚不明确。为此, 本试验于2016—2017年稻季在湖北省武穴市花桥镇, 设置常规翻耕与免耕两种耕作方式以及前茬作物秸秆全量还田与不还田两种秸秆还田方法, 研究耕作与秸秆还田方式对稻田土壤N2O排放、根系酶活性、水稻氮吸收与产量的影响。结果表明, 耕作方式显著影响土壤N2O排放, 但不影响根系硝酸还原酶与谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、水稻氮吸收与产量。与翻耕处理相比, 免耕处理2016年和2017年土壤N2O排放量分别显著提高了12.5%~18.2%和21.1%~38.6%。秸秆还田显著影响土壤N2O排放量、根系酶活性、水稻氮吸收与产量。相对于秸秆不还田处理, 秸秆还田处理2016年和2017年土壤N2O排放量分别显著提高了38.5%~45.5%和13.1%~29.5%。秸秆还田处理相对于不还田处理根系硝酸还原酶与谷氨酰胺合成酶活性分别显著增加了6.7%~45.9%和9.0%~46.7%, 水稻氮吸收量提高了12.5%~26.0%, 产量增加了9.4%~12.6%。本文认为, 虽然秸秆还田提高了水稻氮吸收与产量, 但也促进了土壤N2O的排放, 因此在评估保护性耕作稻田温室效应时应加强对温室气体(CH4和N2O)排放和土壤碳固定影响的长期监测, 以期为发展低碳稻作提供理论依据和技术支撑。

关键词: 免耕, 根系, 硝酸还原酶, 谷氨酰胺合成酶, 温室气体

Abstract:

Conservation tillage is an important practice to improve agricultural soil fertility. However, the effects of this practice on crop nitrogen uptake and grain yield remain unknown. Here, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different tillage (conventional intensive tillage [CT] and no-tillage [NT]) and straw returning methods (preceding crop straw returning [S] and removal [NS]) on soil N2O emission, root nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities, nitrogen uptake of rice plants and grain yield in the 2016 and 2017 rice growing seasons at Huaqiao town, Wuxue county, Hubei province. The tillage practices and straw returning methods had significant effects on the N2O emission from paddy soil. Compared with CT treatment, NT treatment enhanced the N2O emission by 12.5%-18.2% in 2016 and 21.1%-38.6% in 2017. S treatments increased the soil N2O emission by 38.5%-45.5% in 2016 and 13.1%-29.5% in 2017 as compared with NS treatments. Straw returning methods had significant effects on root nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities, as well as on nitrogen uptake of rice plants and grain yield. Compared with NS treatments, S treatments had 6.7%-45.9% higher root nitrate reductase activity and 9.0%-46.7% higher root glutamine synthetase activity, resulting in 12.5%-26.0% higher nitrogen uptake of rice plants and 9.4%- 12.6% greater grain yield. Our results indicate that straw returning significantly increases nitrogen uptake and grain yield, and also promotes soil N2O emissions, suggesting that the effects of long-term NT and straw returning on global warming potential and soil carbon sequestration should be taken into account when assessing the global warming potential of these practices.

Key words: no-tillage, root, nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, greenhouse gas

图1

2016-2017年稻季日均气温变化"

表1

2016-2017年水稻不同生育期土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量变化"

处理
Treatment		 NH4+-N NO3--N
分蘖期
Tillering
stage		 拔节期
Boosting
stage		 齐穗期
Heading
stage		 成熟期
Mature
stage		 分蘖期
Tillering
stage		 拔节期
Boosting stage		 齐穗期
Heading stage		 成熟期
Mature
stage
2016
CTNS 19.24±2.26 11.53±4.03 12.71±1.11 6.51±0.70 2.07±0.12 3.76±0.57 4.72±0.32 1.52±0.24
CTS 21.88±2.56 14.61±2.13 16.04±0.79 8.71±0.31 1.82±0.11 4.95±0.23 5.94±0.30 2.09±0.19
NTNS 20.04±1.09 15.84±3.17 15.50±0.47 7.85±0.25 2.10±0.20 4.91±0.16 5.52±0.30 2.34±0.22
NTS 19.51±0.72 18.60±2.64 18.13±0.48 9.78±0.10 2.04±0.28 5.67±0.12 7.71±0.45 3.21±0.33
ANOVA
T ns ** ** ** ns ** ** **
S ns ** ** * ns * ** **
T×S ns ns * ns ns ns ns ns
2017
CTNS 6.32±1.12 12.62±1.72 8.60±0.66 6.27±0.86 4.17±0.37 4.89±0.47 1.90±0.32 1.81±0.19
CTS 5.73±1.63 13.89±1.50 10.80±0.78 7.44±0.23 3.66±0.33 6.31±0.31 2.50±0.25 2.45±0.01
NTNS 7.21±1.21 15.81±1.55 10.01±0.47 7.87±0.39 3.59±0.44 5.91±0.67 2.20±0.30 1.99±0.10
NTS 6.21±0.51 17.56±2.46 13.14±0.71 9.45±0.83 2.90±0.35 7.83±0.33 2.93±0.22 2.95±0.18
ANOVA
T ns * * ** ns ** ns *
S ns ** ** ** ns ** ** *
T×S ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns

图2

2016-2017年不同处理稻田土壤N2O通量的季节变化 CTNS: 翻耕+前季作物秸秆不还田; CTS: 翻耕+前季作物秸秆全量还田; NTNS: 免耕+前季作物秸秆不还田; NTS: 免耕+前季作物秸秆全量还田。实线箭头表示施肥, 虚线箭头表示排水。"

表2

2016-2017年不同处理稻田土壤N2O累积排放量"

处理
Treatment		 N2O累积排放量
2016 2017
翻耕+前季作物秸秆不还田 CTNS 0.22 ± 0.02 0.44±0.13
翻耕+前季作物秸秆全量还田 CTS 0.32 ± 0.05 0.57±0.02
免耕+前季作物秸秆不还田 NTNS 0.26 ± 0.02 0.61±0.18
免耕+前季作物秸秆全量还田 NTS 0.36 ± 0.05 0.69±0.12
ANOVA
耕作方式Tillage practices (T) * **
秸秆管理Straw managements (S) * *
T×S ns ns

表3

2016-2017年水稻不同生育期不同处理根系硝酸还原酶与谷氨酰胺合成酶活性的变化"

处理
Treatment		 硝酸还原酶 Nitrate reductase (μg NO2- g-1 FW h-1) 谷氨酰胺合成酶Glutamine synthease (μmol g-1 FW h-1)
分蘖期
Tillering
stage		 拔节期
Boosting
stage		 齐穗期
Heading
stage		 成熟期
Mature
stage		 分蘖期
Tillering
stage		 拔节期
Boosting
stage		 齐穗期
Heading
stage		 成熟期
Mature
stage
2016
CTNS 0.87±0.10 0.63±0.22 0.55±0.10 0.13±0.05 17.40±2.98 29.87±7.70 22.85±1.73 5.05±1.95
CTS 0.92±0.03 0.74±0.08 0.63±0.08 0.21±0.05 20.53±3.30 32.58±6.62 26.74±2.04 7.39±1.31
NTNS 0.70±0.13 0.55±0.09 0.55±0.04 0.08±0.06 19.83±2.11 30.69± 4.94 27.51±2.10 4.79±1.23
NTS 0.80±0.13 0.78±0.07 0.60±0.07 0.14±0.10 21.85±3.13 33.46±6.77 29.30±2.48 7.05±0.87
ANOVA
T * ns ns ns * ns ns ns
S ** ** * ** * * ns **
T×S ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
2017
CTNS 0.98±0.08 0.62±0.04 0.31±0.01 0.15±0.03 26.78±8.68 26.61±5.02 26.76±4.07 10.66±0.74
CTS 0.94±0.06 0.80±0.07 0.56±0.11 0.17±0.02 25.56±8.81 38.36±6.66 30.26±2.29 12.66±2.15
NTNS 0.84±0.17 0.53±0.03 0.43±0.10 0.05±0.03 29.86±10.5 29.43±1.43 20.53±4.62 8.78±0.95
NTS 0.76±0.12 0.75±0.12 0.52±0.09 0.08±0.04 27.64±7.26 41.97±8.78 29.40±5.15 9.35±1.46
ANOVA
T ns ns ns * ns ns ns ns
S ns ** ** * ns * * *
T×S ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns

表4

2016-2017年不同处理水稻氮吸收量与产量的变化"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 氮吸收量
N uptake		 产量
Grain yield
2016 翻耕+前季作物秸秆不还田 CTNS 156.51±15.15 b 7379±252 b
翻耕+前季作物秸秆全量还田 CTS 179.81±11.69 a 8795±306 a
免耕+前季作物秸秆不还田 NTNS 140.86±20.13 b 7318±145 c
免耕+前季作物秸秆全量还田 NTS 194.86±18.89 a 7752±143 ab
ANOVA
耕作方式Tillage practices (T) ns ns
秸秆管理Straw managements (S) ** *
T×S * ns
2017 翻耕+前季作物秸秆不还田 CTNS 203.32±9.99 bc 7302±338 b
翻耕+前季作物秸秆全量还田 CTS 220.25±11.54 a 8086±177 a
免耕+前季作物秸秆不还田 NTNS 184.34±10.54 c 7549±122 b
免耕+前季作物秸秆全量还田 NTS 215.90±8.97 a 8168±41 a
ANOVA
耕作方式Tillage practices (T) ns ns
秸秆管理Straw managements (S) * *
T×S * ns
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