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作物学报 ›› 2010, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (4): 620-628.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2010.00620

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

农田开放式夜间增温系统的设计及其在稻麦上的试验效果

张彬1，郑建初3，田云录1，董文军1，陈金1，杨飞1，张卫建1,2,*   

  1. 1南京农业大学应用生态研究所，江苏南京210095；2中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/农业部作物生理生态与栽培重点开放实验室，北京100081；3江苏省农业科学院，江苏南京210014
  • 收稿日期:2010-01-07 修回日期:2010-01-20 出版日期:2010-04-12 网络出版日期:2010-02-09
  • 通讯作者: 张卫建，E-mail: zhangweij@caas.net.cn
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(30771278)，江苏省自然科学基金重点项目(BK2007159)和教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划项目(NCET-050492)资助。

System Design of Free Air Temperature Increased (FATI) for Field Nighttime Warming Experiment and Its Effects on Rice-Wheat Cropping System

ZHANG Bin1,ZHENG Jian-Chu3,TIAN Yun-Lu1,DONG Wen-Jun1,CHEN Jin1,YANG Fei1,ZHANG Wei-Jian12*   

  1. 1Institute of Applied Ecology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China;2Institute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology,ecology & Production,Ministry of Agriculture,Beijing 100081,China;3Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanjing 210095,China
  • Received:2010-01-07 Revised:2010-01-20 Published:2010-04-12 Published online:2010-02-09
  • Contact: ZHANG Wei-Jian，E-mail: zhangweij@caas.net.cn

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摘要：

气候变暖存在明显的昼夜不对称性，夜间增温显著高于白天。设计可靠的田间增温设施，研究作物系统对夜间增温的响应与适应意义显著。为此，笔者参考国际相关增温系统，于2006—2009年在江苏南京设计并运行了我国首个农田开放式夜间增温系统(FATI: Free Air Temperature Increased)，对稻麦进行夜间主动增温试验，监测系统温度、麦田土壤水分和作物生育进程和产量，以评价该系统的可行性和对稻麦的增温效果。结果表明，该系统有效且均匀的增温范围为4 m2，增温效果明显。在测试用的人工草坪上，晴天、阴天和雨天3种天气情况下，该系统4 m2有效增温范围内地表的夜温平均升高2.4℃、2.3℃和2.1℃。在草坪的垂直层面上，该系统可以使距地下5 cm、地表、地上40 cm和90 cm 4个层次的夜温平均分别提高1.2℃、2.3℃、0.7℃和2.2℃。在稻麦两熟农田中，稻季全生育期地下5 cm、地表、植株中部和冠层的夜温平均分别提高0.7℃、0.6℃、1.0℃和1.6℃，麦季相应层次可升高1.2℃、1.5℃、1.8℃和1.9℃。在稻麦全生育期内，增温小区各层温度的变化动态与未增温区的一致。另外，该系统未改变麦田耕层土壤水分分布特征，尽管耕层土壤含水量略有降低，0~25 cm内各层土壤含水量的降幅均在0.99~1.62个百分点以内，与未增温区差异不显著。夜间增温可以显著缩短作物前期生育期，使稻麦始穗期分别提早2.5 d和11.5 d；同时，夜间增温使水稻平均减产4.51%，但小麦增产18.30%。尽管在作物的不同生育期，该设施的增温幅度有所差异，但这与田间实际情况下不同季节气候变暖幅度不同之特征是一致的。因此，该开放式夜间增温系统符合气候变暖的温度变化特征，可以满足水稻和小麦所代表的典型作物系统对夜间增温的响应与适应的试验研究要求。

关键词: 气候变暖, 开放式增温系统, 夜间增温, 稻麦两熟系统, 远红外增温

Abstract:

There is evident asymmetry in climate warming between daytime and nighttime with the highest warming rate occurring at nighttime. Since there are high uncertainties in the projecting of climate warming effects on crop production using crop models, it is essential to design a reliable field warming system to study the responses of crop production system to nighttime warming in field. Therefore, based on existing field warming facilities in the world, we designed a rice-wheat warming system in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, the first facility of Free Air Temperature Increased (FATI) for crop production in China, to study the effects of nighttime warming on crop growing duration and yields during 2006–2009. The results showed that the warming effect of this facility was significant and well-distributed within 2 m × 2 m area. In sunny, rainy and cloudy days, the night temperatures on the field surface within the 4 m2 warming area were increased by 2.4℃, 2.3℃, 2.1℃ on average on the tested turfgrass land. At the vertical dimension, the night temperatures of 5 cm underground, ground surface, 40 cm aboveground, and 90 cm aboveground were enhanced by 1.2℃, 2.3℃, 0.7℃, 2.2℃ on average. In the rice growing period, the night temperatures of 5 cm underground, field surface, the middle part of crop community and the canopy were 0.7℃, 0.6℃, 1.0℃, and 1.6℃ higher compared to the un-warming plots, respectively. In the winter-wheat growing period, the increments were 1.2℃, 1.5℃, 1.8℃, and 1.9℃, respectively. During the whole crop growing period, the trends of diurnal change of the above temperatures in warming plots were all similar with those in the un-warming plots. The distributed characteristics of soil moisture in wheat field were not significantly changed under this warming facility but with a slightly decreasing trend. The decrements of soil moisture in the 0–25 cm soil layers were all within the scale of 0.99–1.62 percentage points with no significant difference compared to the un-warming control. Under this warming facility, rice and wheat growing stages were significantly changed, and the durations of rice and wheat from the sowing date to the initial heading date were shortened by 2.5 d and 11.5 d respectively. Nighttime warming reduced rice yield by 4.51%, but increased wheat yield by 18.30% on average. Although, there existed significant differences in the warming rates among different stages of crop growing byusing the warming facility, evident seasonal discrepancy of warming rates also often occurred in the real fields under climate warming situation. Therefore, the above results suggest that this night warming facility meets with the temperature characteristics of climate warming and can be used for studies on the responses of crop production system to nighttime warming.

Key words: Climate warming, Free Air Temperature Increased(FATI), Nighttime warming, Rice-wheat cropping system, Far-infrared warming

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