黑龙港平原基于麦-玉复种的两年轮作模式农田水分消耗特征研究

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11030

作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (7): 1787-1779.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11030

黑龙港平原基于麦-玉复种的两年轮作模式农田水分消耗特征研究

赵影星¹(), 王彪¹(), 刘晴¹, 宋彤¹^,², 张学鹏¹, 陈源泉¹, 隋鹏¹^,^*()

¹中国农业大学农学院, 北京 100193
²淄博市数字农业农村发展中心, 山东济南 255000

收稿日期:2021-03-19 接受日期:2021-11-29 出版日期:2022-07-12 网络出版日期:2021-12-28
通讯作者: 隋鹏
作者简介:赵影星, E-mail: zyx2020cau@163.com
王彪, E-mail: wangbiao0312@outlook.com第一联系人：
^** 同等贡献
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300203);农业农村部作物需水与调控重点实验室开放课题项目(FIRI2021010101)

Characteristics of farmland water consumption under two-year wheat-maize interannual rotation patterns in Heilonggang Plain

ZHAO Ying-Xing¹(), WANG Biao¹(), LIU Qing¹, SONG Tong¹^,², ZHANG Xue-Peng¹, CHEN Yuan-Quan¹, SUI Peng¹^,^*()

¹College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
²Zibo Digital Agriculture Rural Development Center, Shandong 255000, Jinan, China

Received:2021-03-19 Accepted:2021-11-29 Published:2022-07-12 Published online:2021-12-28
Contact: SUI Peng
About author:First author contact:
^** Contributed equally to this work
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300203);Open Project of Key Laboratory of Crop Water Demand and Regulation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(FIRI2021010101)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为解决黑龙港平原地下水漏斗区传统冬小麦-夏玉米(简称麦-玉)一年两熟模式的水粮矛盾问题, 设计“一年传统麦-玉模式+一年轮作其他作物”的2年节水稳粮型轮作系统, 试图寻找适合该区域的节水稳粮型绿色种植制度。于2018年10月—2020年9月在河北吴桥地区开展田间试验, 以冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟模式为对照, 设置春玉米→麦-玉、冬小麦→麦-玉、春甘薯→麦-玉、春花生→麦-玉、冬小麦-夏花生→麦-玉、马铃薯-青贮玉米→麦-玉6个处理, 分析各轮作模式的农田耗水特征。结果表明: (1) 相比对照, 除冬小麦-夏花生→麦-玉外, 不同轮作模式的年均耗水量可减少3.1%~15.2%。春玉米→麦-玉、马铃薯-青贮玉米→麦-玉、春花生→麦-玉和春甘薯→麦-玉模式轮作周期内年均耗水量较对照模式分别减少6.1%、7.2%、9.2%和15.2%, 4种模式的年均地下水净消耗量也较对照模式分别减少9.0%、10.3%、16.2%和32.9%; (2) 不同耗水层次的作物搭配可以在空间上实现水分互补。冬小麦作物主要消耗0~160 cm土层土壤水分, 其含水量相较于播种时减少了20%, 马铃薯作物主要消耗0~100 cm土层土壤水分, 其含水量相较于播种时减少了12%, 春花生作物主要消耗20~80 cm土层土壤水分, 其含水量相较于播种时减少了4%; (3) 部分轮作模式可以减少对灌溉水的需求, 同时有利于土壤水分的固持。2019轮作年, 春玉米→麦-玉和春花生→麦-玉模式在模式灌溉量分别比对照减少145 mm和175 mm的情况下, 2 m土壤贮水量较轮作年起始增加了27.2 mm和12.6 mm, 而麦-玉复种模式在灌溉量为300 mm的情况下, 2 m土壤贮水量较轮作年起始消耗了18.4 mm; (4) 部分轮作模式具有较好的经济水分利用效率, 达到对照的1.2~1.5倍。春花生→麦-玉和冬小麦-夏花生→麦-玉模式经济水分利用效率显著高于对照模式, 分别为对照的1.5倍和1.2倍。综合农田水分利用特征与经济水分利用效率, 春花生→麦-玉、春甘薯→麦-玉、马铃薯-青贮玉米→麦-玉和春玉米→麦-玉2年轮作模式降低了农田耗水量, 同时保持并提高经济水分利用效率, 可作为部分替代连年冬小麦-夏玉米两熟模式的参考模式。

关键词: 轮作, 耗水量, 张力计, 地下水, 经济水分利用效率

Abstract:

In order to solve the contradiction of water and grain about the traditional continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) double-cropping system (W-M→W-M, CK) in the groundwater funnel area of Heilonggang Plain, the new rotation patterns with two-year cycle of “one-year traditional W-M + one-year other crops” were designed, trying to find out a water-saving and green stable cropping system suitable for this region. The field experiment was carried out in Wuqiao, Hebei province from October 2018 to September 2020. Setting spring maize→W-M (Ms→W-M), winter wheat→W-M (W→W-M), spring sweet potato (Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill)→W-M (Psw→W-M), spring peanut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.)→W-M (As→W-M), winter wheat-summer peanut→W-M (W-A→W-M) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)-silage corn→W-M (P-C→W-M) six rotation patterns with two years cycle, we tried to analyze the characteristics of farmland water consumption. The results showed that: (1) Compared with CK, the annual water consumption of rotation patterns reduced by 3.1%-15.2%, expect W-A→W-M. The annual average water consumption of Ms→W-M, P-C→W-M, As→W-M and Psw→W-M decreased by 6.1%, 7.2%, 9.2%, and 15.2%, respectively, and the annual average net groundwater consumption of the four patterns also decreased by 9.0%, 10.3%, 16.2%, and 32.9%, respectively. (2) The combination of crops at different water consumption levels could achieve water complementary spatially. Winter wheat mainly consumed 0-160 cm soil moisture, which was reduced by 20% compared with sowing. Potato mainly consumed 0-100 cm soil moisture, which was reduced by 12% compared with sowing. Spring peanut mainly consumed 20-80 cm soil moisture, which was reduced by 4% compared with sowing. (3) Partial rotation patterns could reduce the demand for irrigation water and increase soil water storage. In 2019 rotation year, when the irrigation amount of Ms→W-M and As→W-M patterns were 145 mm and 175 mm less than CK, the soil water storage of 2 m increased by 27.2 mm and 12.6 mm compared with the start of rotation year, respectively. When the irrigation amount of W-M→W-M was 300 mm, the soil water storage of 2 m increased by 18.4 mm compared with the start of rotation year. (4) Partial rotation patterns had better economic water use efficiency (EWUE), which were 1.2-1.5 times of CK. The EWUE of As→W-M and W-A→W-M were 1.5 times and 1.2 times significantly higher than that of CK, respectively. Based on the characteristics of farmland water consumption and EWUE, the two-year rotation patterns of As→W-M, Psw→W-M, P-C→W-M, Ms→W-M could reduce the farmland water consumption, meanwhile, maintain and improve the economic water use efficiency, and could be implemented to partially replace the winter wheat and summer maize double-cropping system in Heilonggang Plain.

Key words: crop rotation, evapotranspiration, tension meter, groundwater, economic water use efficiency

赵影星, 王彪, 刘晴, 宋彤, 张学鹏, 陈源泉, 隋鹏. 黑龙港平原基于麦-玉复种的两年轮作模式农田水分消耗特征研究[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(7): 1787-1779.

ZHAO Ying-Xing, WANG Biao, LIU Qing, SONG Tong, ZHANG Xue-Peng, CHEN Yuan-Quan, SUI Peng. Characteristics of farmland water consumption under two-year wheat-maize interannual rotation patterns in Heilonggang Plain[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(7): 1787-1779.

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链接本文: https://zwxb.chinacrops.org/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11030

https://zwxb.chinacrops.org/CN/Y2022/V48/I7/1787

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年份 Year	作物 Crop	播种日期 Sowing date (year-month-day)	收获日期 Harvest date (year-month-day)	灌溉量 Irrigation (mm)	施肥量Fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)
年份 Year	作物 Crop	播种日期 Sowing date (year-month-day)	收获日期 Harvest date (year-month-day)	灌溉量 Irrigation (mm)	氮N	磷P₂O₅	钾K₂O
2019	冬小麦 Winter wheat	2018-10-06	2019-06-09	225	225	112.5	225
	夏玉米 Summer maize	2019-06-14	2019-09-29	75	180	103.5	112.5
	春玉米 Spring maize	2019-05-21	2019-09-15	155	240	75	90
	春甘薯 Spring sweet potato	2019-04-30	2019-10-06	80	54	138	225
	春花生 Spring peanut	2019-05-16	2019-09-18	125	172	172.5	150
	夏花生 Summer peanut	2019-06-14	2019-10-06	75	172	172.5	150
	马铃薯 Potato	2019-03-11	2019-06-18	155	180	120	300
	青贮玉米 Silage corn	2019-06-23	2019-09-28	75	180	103.5	112.5
2020	冬小麦 Winter wheat	2019-10-15	2020-06-09	225	225	112.5	225
	夏玉米 Summer maize	2020-06-15	2020-09-24	120	180	103.5	112.5

年份 Year	模式 Rotation pattern	作物 Crops	生育期降水量 Precipitation during growth period	休闲期降雨量Precipitation during fallow period	总降雨量 Total precipitation
2019	W-M→W-M	冬小麦 Winter wheat	79.2	0	79.2
		夏玉米 Summer maize	432.2	10.1	442.3
	M_s→W-M	春玉米 Spring maize	457.5	64.0	521.5
	W→W-M	冬小麦 Winter wheat	79.2	442.3	521.5
	P_sw→W-M	春甘薯 Spring sweet potato	465.0	56.5	521.5
	A_s→W-M	春花生 Spring peanut	457.5	64.0	521.5
	W-A→W-M	冬小麦 Winter wheat	79.2	0	79.2
		夏花生 Summer peanut	439.7	2.6	442.3
	P-C→W-M	马铃薯 Potato	67.8	11.4	79.2
		青贮玉米 Silage corn	432.2	10.1	442.3
2020	—	冬小麦 Winter wheat	147.7	0	147.7
		夏玉米 Summer maize	239.8	0.7	240.5

模式 Rotation pattern	2018-2019					2019-2020					2018-2020年均2018-2020 Average
模式 Rotation pattern	降水量 P	灌溉量 I	土壤水变化量 CSWS	深层渗漏量 DP	周年蒸散量 ETa	降水量 P	灌溉量 I	土壤水变化量 CSWS	深层渗漏量 DP	周年蒸散量 ETa	降水量 P	灌溉量 I	土壤水变化量 CSWS	深层渗漏量 DP	年均蒸散量ETa
W-M→W-M	521.5	300.0	-18.4 a	92.6 ab	747.3 ab	388.2	345.0	-29.4 b	75.2 ab	687.4 b	454.9	322.5	-23.9 a	83.9 a	717.4 b
M_s→W-M	521.5	155.0	27.2 b	35.6 bc	613.7 d	388.2	345.0	-87.1 a	30.1 bc	790.1 a	454.9	250.0	-30.0 a	32.9 bc	701.9 b
W→W-M	521.5	225.0	4.4 ab	34.3 bc	707.8 bc	388.2	345.0	-44.2 b	36.3 bc	741.1 ab	454.9	285.0	-19.9 a	35.3 bc	724.5 b
P_sw→W-M	521.5	80.0	-2.4 ab	11.5 c	592.4 d	388.2	345.0	-35.6 b	93.1 a	675.6 b	454.9	212.5	-19.0 a	52.3 abc	634.0 e
A_s→W-M	521.5	125.0	12.6 ab	21.0 c	612.9 d	388.2	345.0	-60.4 ab	49.1 abc	744.5 ab	454.9	235.0	-23.9 a	35.1 bc	678.7 bc
W-A→W-M	521.5	300.0	-13.6 a	25.4 c	809.7 a	388.2	345.0	-35.2 b	26.3 bc	742.1 ab	454.9	322.5	-24.4 a	25.8 c	775.9 a
P-SC→W-M	521.5	230.0	-19.6 a	128.8 a	642.3 cd	388.2	345.0	-29.3 b	18.1 c	744.4 ab	454.9	287.5	-24.5 a	73.4 ab	693.4 b

模式 Rotation pattern	2018-2019			2019-2020			2018-2020年均2018-2020 average
模式 Rotation pattern	经济效益 Benefits (Yuan hm^-2)	耗水量 ETa (mm)	经济水分利用效率 EWUE (Yuan m^-3)	经济效益 Benefits (Yuan hm^-2)	耗水量 ETa (mm)	经济水分利用效率 EWUE (Yuan m^-3)	经济效益 Benefits (Yuan hm^-2)	耗水量 ETa (mm)	经济水分利用效率 EWUE (Yuan m^-3)
W-M→W-M	21,402.1 b	747.3 ab	2.87 c	23,167.4 a	687.4 b	3.37 a	22,284.8 b	717.4 b	3.11 c
M_s→W-M	15,416.6 b	613.7 d	2.52 c	22,654.9 a	790.1 a	2.87 bc	19,035.8 b	701.9 b	2.72 c
W→W-M	6,789.4 c	707.8 bc	0.96 d	21,242.4 ab	741.1 ab	2.87 bc	14,015.9 c	724.5 b	1.94 d
P_sw→W-M	16,478.1 b	592.4 d	2.78 c	22,445.0 a	675.6 b	3.34 ab	19,461.5 b	634.0 c	3.08 c
A_s→W-M	39,110.5 a	612.9 d	6.38 a	23,470.8 a	744.5 ab	3.16 ab	31,290.6 a	678.7 bc	4.61 a
W-A→W-M	36,890.7 a	809.7 a	4.56 b	23,115.3 a	742.1 ab	3.11 ab	30,003.0 a	775.9 a	3.87 b
P-C→W-M	20,783.8 b	642.3 cd	3.24 c	18,967.8 b	744.4 ab	2.55 c	19,875.8 b	693.4 b	2.87 c

模式 Rotation pattern	2018-2019		2019-2020
模式 Rotation pattern	作物Crop	产量Yield (kg hm^-2)	作物Crop	产量Yield (kg hm^-2)
W-M→W-M	冬小麦 Winter wheat	6985 ± 594	冬小麦 Winter wheat	8947 ± 1150
W-M→W-M	夏玉米 Summer maize	11,118 ± 859	夏玉米 Summer maize	10,320 ± 137
M_s→W-M	春玉米 Spring maize	12,295 ± 451	冬小麦 Winter wheat	9243 ± 371
M_s→W-M			夏玉米 Summer maize	9673 ± 622
W→W-M	冬小麦 Winter wheat	7173 ± 813	冬小麦 Winter wheat	8763 ± 677
W→W-M			夏玉米 Summer maize	9546 ± 418
P_sw→W-M	春甘薯 Spring sweet potato	33,576 ± 1529	冬小麦 Winter wheat	8585 ± 641
P_sw→W-M			夏玉米 Summer maize	10,403 ± 375
A_s→W-M	春花生 Spring peanut	6487 ± 371	冬小麦 Winter wheat	9122 ± 500
A_s→W-M			夏玉米 Summer maize	10,254 ± 435
W-A→W-M	冬小麦 Winter wheat	7002 ± 708	冬小麦 Winter wheat	8804 ± 767
W-A→W-M	夏花生 Summer peanut	5252 ± 832	夏玉米 Summer maize	10,475 ± 463
P-SC→W-M	马铃薯 Potato	26,733 ± 5542	冬小麦 Winter wheat	8442 ± 482
P-SC→W-M	青贮玉米 Silage maize	51,733 ± 3711	夏玉米 Summer maize	8766 ± 879

黑龙港平原基于麦-玉复种的两年轮作模式农田水分消耗特征研究

Characteristics of farmland water consumption under two-year wheat-maize interannual rotation patterns in Heilonggang Plain

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