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作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (10): 2538-2549.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44046

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

镉胁迫下复合菌剂对大豆的光合修复及其固定化效果的探究

刘宏缘(), 岑锎, 刘怡琳, 楼雪怡, 张雅婷, 吴嘉睿, 谭驭宇, 祝嘉丞, 方芳, 刘鹏*()   

  1. 浙江师范大学生命科学学院 / 植物学实验室, 浙江金华 321004
  • 收稿日期:2024-03-13 接受日期:2024-06-20 出版日期:2024-10-12 网络出版日期:2024-07-08
  • 通讯作者: *刘鹏, E-mail: sky79@zjnu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 2398008965@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(32001224);国家自然科学基金项目(41702181);金华市科技计划公益项目(2022-4-049)

Photosynthetic repair of Glycine max (Linn.) Merr. by compound fungus agents and immobilization effect under cadmium stress

LIU Hong-Yuan(), CEN Kai, LIU Yi-Lin, LOU Xue-Yi, ZHANG Ya-Ting, WU Jia-Rui, TAN Yu-Yu, ZHU Jia-Cheng, FANG Fang, LIU Peng*()   

  1. College of Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University / Botany Laboratory, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, China
  • Received:2024-03-13 Accepted:2024-06-20 Published:2024-10-12 Published online:2024-07-08
  • Contact: *E-mail: sky79@zjnu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001224);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41702181);Project of Jinhua Science and Technology Program(2022-4-049)

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摘要：

镉(cadmium, Cd)作为对大豆等粮食类作物毒害最大的重金属之一, 不仅会抑制植物生长发育, 还会损害其光合系统致使光合速率下降。目前对于镉修复技术的探讨多集中于施加植物激素、改变种植模式等方向, 微生物与植物互作的研究仍有待探索。本研究为探究复合白腐真菌(White rot fungi)对镉污染的修复效果和固定化技术的实际应用价值, 以4种白腐真菌和大豆作为供试材料, 制备固态菌剂并对大豆设置土培处理, 且模拟镉污染土壤的浓度为0、50、100 mg L-1, 对应每个浓度分别进行3种处理(CK组-不做处理、EG1组-加入游离菌株、EG2组-加入固态菌剂), 研究混菌发酵与固定化技术对菌株吸附效能的影响, 同时探明镉毒害、固定化菌球以及大豆植株三者间的关联性。结果表明: (1) 除黄孢原毛平革菌外, 其余3种菌株兼容性良好。(2) 当混菌菌株组别为凤尾:云芝等于1∶1时, 处理浓度为50 mg L-1的镉溶液时可达到87.33%的吸附率。(3) 为延长混合菌株的使用时效, 提高吸附效果, 以海藻酸钠(SA)质量浓度为10 g L-1、生物炭(BC)质量浓度为15 g L-1、加菌量为2%制得的PVA固定化小球, 在加入适量添加剂后96 h吸附率可达(95.12±1.68)%。(4) 将固定化混菌菌剂施加入模拟镉污染土壤后, 大豆的各项生长和光合指标受到的抑制作用均得到缓释, 其中Fo的最大降幅为42.5%, Fv/Fm最大增幅为17.2%。(5) 大豆的抗氧化系统在菌剂处理14 d时得到增强, CK组中SOD、POD、CAT 3种酶最高活性均得以提升, 分别为27.34%、12.41%、13.58%; 此外, Pro及MDA含量分别呈上升和下降趋势, 共同表现出植物抗性的提高。综上, 镉胁迫下植株的PSII光化学反应中心受到抑制, 混合菌株固定化与单个或游离状态的菌株相比吸附效率更高, 施加固态菌剂后可有效开启大豆的光保护机制, 产生渗透调节物质, 同时激活抗氧化系统, 保证了大豆体内稳定的氧化还原环境以应对镉胁迫。

关键词: 白腐真菌, 混菌发酵, 固定化技术, 镉污染土壤

Abstract:

Cadmium, a highly toxic heavy metal affecting food crops like soybean, not only inhibits plant growth and development but also damages the photosynthetic system, leading to reduced photosynthesis rates. Current cadmium remediation technologies primarily focus on the application of plant hormones and alteration of planting patterns, while the interaction between microorganisms and plants remains underexplored. This study aims to explore the remediation potential of compound white rot fungi in addressing cadmium pollution and the practical application value of immobilization technology. Four types of white rot fungi and Glycine max (Linn.) Merr. were used to prepare solid bacterial agents and set up a soil cultivation method for soybeans. We simulated cadmium-contaminated soil concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg L-1. Three treatments were conducted for each concentration: a control group (CK) with no treatment, an experimental group with free strains (EG1), and an experimental group with solid agents (EG2). We examined the effects of mixed fermentation and immobilization technology on the strains’ adsorption efficiency and established the correlation between cadmium toxicity, immobilized microspheres, and soybean plants. The results indicate that, except for Phanerochaete chrysosporium, the other three strains demonstrated good compatibility. A mixed group of bacterial strains containing Pleurotus sajor-caju and Coriolus versicolor in a 1:1 ratio achieved an adsorption rate of 87.33% in cadmium-contaminated solutions at a concentration of 50 mg L-1. To prolong the duration and improve the adsorption effect of the mixed strain, PVA mixed pellets with a sodium alginate (SA) concentration of 10 g L-1, biochar mass concentration of 15 g L-1, and bacterial content of 2% achieved a degradation rate of (95.12 ± 1.68)% within 96 hours after adding appropriate additives. Introducing immobilized mixed bacteria into simulated cadmium-contaminated soil inhibited the growth and photosynthetic indices of soybeans. The maximum decrease in Fo was 42.5%, and the maximum increase in Fv/Fm was 17.2%. After 14 days, the soybean antioxidant system was enhanced, with the highest activities of SOD, POD, and CAT being 27.34%, 12.41%, and 13.58%, respectively, in the CK group. Additionally, there was an increase in proline content and a decrease in malondialdehyde content, indicating enhanced plant resistance. In conclusion, cadmium stress suppresses the photochemical reaction center II in plants’ photosystems. The immobilization of mixed strains results in higher adsorption efficiency compared to single or free states. Applying a reliable bacterial agent enables soybeans to effectively trigger their light protection mechanism, produce osmoregulatory substances, and activate the antioxidant system, thus maintaining a stable redox environment and coping with cadmium stress.

Key words: white rot fungi, mixed fermentation, immobilization technology, cadmium-contaminated soil

图1

不同浓度Cd2+下4种白腐真菌降解率 误差线表示标准差。不同小写字母表示同一时间段内不同菌种间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表1

不同时间下白腐真菌混合菌株各组别对Cd2+的吸附效果"

分组Group 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h
1/2 黄孢+1/2 云芝
1/2 P. chrysosporium + 1/2 C. versicolor		 69.60±0.12 d 71.20±0.76 e 72.63±0.22 d 73.54±0.33 f
1/2 黃孢+1/2 平菇
1/2 P. chrysosporium + 1/2 P. ostreatus		 65.03±0.44 e 65.62±0.57 f 72.88±0.11 d 73.36±0.45 f
1/2 黃孢+1/2 凤尾
1/2 P. chrysosporium + 1/2 P. sajor-caju		 75.29±0.86 c 77.91±0.54 c 78.48±0.95 c 79.75±0.18 d
1/2 云芝+1/2 黃孢
1/2 C. versicolor + 1/2 P. chrysosporium		 70.02±0.58 d 70.19±0.87 e 74.34±0.32 c 74.37±0.15 e
1/2 云芝+1/2 平菇
1/2 C. versicolor + 1/2 P. ostreatus		 84.31±0.71 a 84.20±0.94 a 84.91±0.87 a 85.13±0.67 b
1/2 云芝+1/2 凤尾
1/2 C. versicolor + 1/2 P. sajor-caju		 85.15±0.24 a 85.94±0.91 a 86.63±0.93 a 86.79±0.54 a
1/2 平菇+1/2 黃孢
1/2 P. ostreatus + 1/2 P. chrysosporium		 68.92±0.91 d 73.00±0.12 d 74.08±0.12 c 73.92±0.27 ef
1/2 平菇+1/2 云芝
1/2 P. ostreatus + 1/2 C. versicolor		 65.11±0.23 e 70.48±0.65 e 74.66±0.78 c 74.79±0.78 e
1/2 平菇+1/2 凤尾
1/2 P. ostreatus + 1/2 P. sajor-caju		 58.73±0.78 g 67.25±0.76 f 68.18±0.87 e 69.10±0.45 g
1/2 凤尾+1/2 黃孢
1/2 P. sajor-caju + 1/2 P. chrysosporium		 59.13±0.21 g 66.06±0.69 f 67.23±0.78 e 67.81±0.54 h
1/2 凤尾+1/2 云芝
1/2 P. sajor-caju + 1/2 C. versicolor		 75.88±0.87 c 76.00±0.86 c 80.23±0.21 b 81.27±0.67 c
1/2 凤尾+1/2 平菇
1/2 P. sajor-caju + 1/2 P. ostreatus		 78.51±0.97 b 82.39±0.24 b 84.28±0.67 a 84.58±0.45 b
1/3 黃孢+1/3 云芝+1/3 平菇
1/3 P. chrysosporium + 1/3 C. versicolor + 1/3 P. ostreatus		 73.51±0.95 c 75.29±0.81 c 80.17±0.43 b 81.91±0.78 c
1/3 黃孢+1/3 平菇+1/3 凤尾
1/3 P. chrysosporium + 1/3 P. ostreatus + 1/3 P. sajor-caju		 62.54±0.57 f 64.72±0.88 f 65.46±0.12 f 66.31±0.34 i
1/3 云芝+1/3 平菇+1/3 凤尾
1/3 C. versicolor + 1/3 P. ostreatus + 1/3 P. sajor-caju		 79.21±0.41 b 76.50±0.61 c 84.24±0.57 a 85.14±0.78 b

表2

固定化白腐真菌混菌的正交实验(33)因素水平"

试验号
Test number		 A B C 96 h Cd吸附率
96 h Cd adsorption rate (%)
SA质量浓度
SA mass concentration
(g L-1)		 BC质量浓度
BC mass concentration
(g L-1)		 加菌量
Amount of mixed fungi
(%)
1 1(5) 1(15) 1(1) 86.65±0.16 b
2 1 2(20) 2(2) 91.62±1.85 a
3 1 3(25) 3(3) 83.07±0.01 c
4 2(10) 1 2 93.88±0.74 a
5 2 2 3 92.56±2.07 c
6 2 3 1 90.59±0.21 b
7 3(15) 1 3 84.99±0.83 b
8 3 2 1 86.99±0.83 b
9 3 3 2 87.29±0.82 a

表3

其余制作配方及制作条件的选择"

项目
Item		 处理组
Processing group		 机械强度
Mechanical strength
(mN)		 Cd吸附率
Cd adsorption rate (%)
交联时间
Cross-linking time		 1 h 1531±47.49 e 86.45±1.59 c
4 h 1944±64.40 d 90.42±0.55 b
8 h 2024±44.92 cd 82.91±1.47 d
12 h 2103±85.02 c 75.55±1.62 f
24 h 2388±41.54 b 73.33±2.15 f
36 h 2767±63.98 a 69.56±0.99 g
保存方法
Method of saving		 冷冻保存
Cryopreservation		 2054±64.23 d 80.67±0.51 e
0.2 mol L-1 NaH2PO4的饱和硼酸溶液
0.2 mol L-1 NaH2PO4 of a saturated boric acid solution		 2411±45.41 b 83.54±1.03 d
湿体冷藏环境
Moisture cold storage environment		 2326±06.43 c 84.34±1.27 cd
5 mg L-1 Cd模拟废水中冷藏
5 mg L-1 Cd simulated wastewater		 2453±56.65 a 91.44±1.35 b
二氧化硅和
沸石添加情况
SiO2 and zeolite addition condition		 加入10 g二氧化硅, 未加入沸石
10 g of silica was added, and no modified zeolite was added		 2508±42.68 b 91.65±0.47 b
加入5 g沸石, 未加入二氧化硅
5 g of modified zeolite was added, without silica being added		 2487±26.32 bc 92.39±0.79 b
加入10 g二氧化硅, 5 g沸石
10 g of silica was added and 5 g of modified zeolite		 2523±12.54 b 95.12±1.68 a

图2

固定化混菌小球表观图和电镜扫描图"

表4

PVA固定化小球表观测定"

小球各指标
Small ball indicators		 载菌量
Loage
(cfu mL-1)		 真密度
True density
(g L-1)		 堆积密度
Accumulacking density (g L-1)		 含水倍率
Water content (%)		 含水率
Rate of water content (%)		 比表面积
Specific surface area (m2 g-1)
测定结果
Determination results		 (4.13±0.01)×106 1.231±0.014 0.734±0.001 55.20±2.21 1.147±0.04 318.69±4.27

图3

不同处理下镉对大豆株高和叶面积的影响 误差线表示标准差。不同小写字母表示同一生育期内处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。CK: 不做处理; EG1: 加入游离菌株; EG2: 加入固态菌剂; Cd0: 0 mg L-1 Cd; Cd50: 50 mg L-1 Cd; Cd100: 100 mg L-1 Cd。"

图4

不同处理下镉对大豆各项荧光参数的影响 误差线表示标准差。不同小写字母表示同一胁迫时期内处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。处理同图3。"

图5

不同处理下镉对大豆SOD、POD、CAT活性的影响 误差线表示标准差。不同小写字母表示同一胁迫时期内处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。处理同图3。"

图6

不同镉处理下大豆Pro含量和MDA含量变化情况 误差线表示标准差。不同小写字母表示同一胁迫时期内处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。处理同图3。"

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