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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (5): 1378-1388.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43036

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    

化肥配施有机物料对玉米田土壤细菌和真菌群落结构的影响

蒋雨洲1,3，王甲1，张宏媛2，冯文豪2，王鹏1,3，李玉义2,*   

  1. 1黑龙江八一农垦大学农学院, 黑龙江大庆163319; 2中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所, 北京100081; 3农业农村部东北平原农业绿色低碳重点实验室, 黑龙江大庆163319
  • 收稿日期:2024-07-31 修回日期:2025-01-23 接受日期:2025-02-05 出版日期:2025-05-12 网络出版日期:2025-02-05
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由财政部和农业农村部国家现代产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-24)资助。

Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic materials on the soil bacterial and fungal community structure in maize fields

JIANG Yu-Zhou1,3,WANG Jia1,ZHANG Hong-Yuan2,FENG Wen-Hao2,WANG Peng1,3,LI Yu-Yi2,*   

  1. 1 Agronomy College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163391, China; 2 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; 3 Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163391, China
  • Received:2024-07-31 Revised:2025-01-23 Accepted:2025-02-05 Published:2025-05-12 Published online:2025-02-05
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-02-24).

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摘要：

针对农田忽略有机物料投入，影响土壤微生物群落结构、降低土壤速效养分和玉米产量低等问题，探究施用化肥配施有机物料对农田土壤微生物群落、土壤化学性质和玉米产量的影响，揭示不同有机物料投入农田对土壤细菌和真菌群落结构的变化、多样性和群落物种组成上差异性的特征，进一步分析土壤微生物群落与土壤化学性质间的关系，为科学施肥、维护土壤微生物生态系统和农业可持续发展等方面提供依据。基于连续2年的田间试验，研究了仅施用化肥(chemical fertilizer, CF)、化肥+秸秆腐熟物(chemical fertilizer + straw rot, CF+SR)、化肥+黄腐酸(chemical fertilizer + fulvic acid, CF+FA)和化肥+鸡粪(chemical fertilizer + chicken manure, CF+CM)处理对玉米根际土壤细菌和真菌群落丰度的影响。化肥配施有机物料有利于提高玉米产量和土壤速效养分含量。玉米田投入有机物料能够影响土壤微生物(细菌和真菌) α多样性，与施用化肥对照处理相比，化肥+秸秆腐熟物处理细菌shannon指数、ACE指数和chao1指数，分别提高了2.42%、23.24%和23.19%；而真菌α多样性与之相反，呈降低趋势。细菌目分类水平的Vicinamibacterales和Sphingomonadales相对丰度高，分别是酸杆菌门和变形菌门，而真菌目分类水平的Sordariales相对丰度高，属于子囊菌门。相关性分析表明，土壤微生物多样性与土壤养分含量密切相关。综上所述，化肥配施有机物料有利于调节玉米田土壤微生物群落特征，增强农业生态系统的功能和可持续性，尤其是化肥配施秸秆腐熟物效果最佳。

关键词: 化肥, 玉米田, 腐殖酸, 微生物相互作用, 关键分类群

Abstract:

The neglect of organic material inputs in agricultural fields has significant impacts on the structure of soil microbial communities, reduces soil nutrient availability, and leads to low maize yields. This study investigated the effects of organic material amendments on soil bacterial and fungal communities, soil chemical properties, and maize yield. The aim was to explore changes in soil microbial community structure and analyze the relationship between microbial communities and soil chemical properties, providing a scientific basis for optimized fertilization practices, the maintenance of soil microbial ecosystems, and sustainable agricultural development. A two-year field experiment with continuous fertilization treatments was conducted to evaluate the effects of different fertilization regimes on the bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of maize fields. The treatments included as follows: (1) single chemical fertilizer application (control), (2) chemical fertilizer + straw rot, (3) chemical fertilizer + fulvic acid, and (4) chemical fertilizer + chicken manure. The results showed that combining chemical fertilizer with organic materials increased maize yield and enhanced soil nutrient availability. Continuous application of organic materials also influenced the alpha diversity of soil microorganisms (bacteria and fungi). For example, compared with the single chemical fertilizer treatment, the chemical fertilizer + straw rot treatment increased the bacterial Shannon index, ACE index, and Chao1 index by 2.42%, 23.24%, and 23.19%, respectively. However, fungal alpha diversity showed a decreasing trend under the same treatment. At the taxonomic level, Vicinamibacterales and Sphingomonadales (from Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria, respectively) were the dominant bacterial orders, while Sordariales (from Ascomycota) was the dominant fungal order. Soil microbial diversity was strongly correlated with soil nutrient content. In conclusion, the combined application of chemical fertilizers and organic materials can regulate soil microbial community structure, enhance microbial diversity, and improve soil health and productivity in dryland maize farming systems. In particular, fertilizer combined with straw rot has the best effect.

Key words: fertilization, maize field, humic acid, microbial interaction, keystone taxa

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