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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (03): 454-462.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00454

• 研究简报 • 上一篇    下一篇

机收稻草全量还田减施化肥对双季晚稻养分吸收利用及产量的影响

曾研华(), 吴建富*(), 曾勇军, 范呈根, 谭雪明, 潘晓华*(), 石庆华   

  1. 江西农业大学双季稻现代化生产协同创新中心 / 作物生理生态与遗传育种教育部重点实验室, 江西南昌 330045
  • 收稿日期:2017-05-28 接受日期:2017-11-21 出版日期:2018-03-12 网络出版日期:2017-12-18
  • 通讯作者: 吴建富,潘晓华
  • 作者简介:

    zyh74049501@163.com

  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家科技支撑计划项目(2013BAD07B12), 国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300501, 2017YFD0301601), 江西省科技支撑计划项目(2009BNA03800, 20171BBF60030)和中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2016M600512)资助

Effects of Straw Incorporation with Reducing Chemical Fertilizers on Nutrient Absorption and Utilization and Grain Yield of Double-cropping Late Rice under Mechanical Harvest

Yan-Hua ZENG(), Jian-Fu WU*(), Yong-Jun ZENG, Cheng-Gen FAN, Xue-Ming TAN, Xiao-Hua PAN*(), Qing-Hua SHI   

  1. Collaborative Innovation Center for the Modernization Production of Double Cropping Rice, Jiangxi Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China
  • Received:2017-05-28 Accepted:2017-11-21 Published:2018-03-12 Published online:2017-12-18
  • Contact: Jian-Fu WU,Xiao-Hua PAN
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Science & Technology Support Plan (2013BAD07B12), the National Key R&D Program (2016YFD0300501, 2017YFD0301601), the Jiangxi Science & Technology Support Plan (2009BNA03800, 20171BBF60030) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Program (2016M600512).

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摘要：

稻草还田替代部分化肥对推进化肥零增长行动具有重要的意义。研究等量氮磷钾养分条件下连续稻草还田减施化肥对双季晚稻产量及养分吸收利用的影响, 可为南方稻区稻草资源的合理利用和水稻高产、养分高效管理提供参考。本试验基于江西温圳国家级耕地质量监测点双季稻稻草还田定位试验, 以超级杂交晚稻五丰优T025为试材, 设稻草还田减施化肥(SI+NPK)、稻草烧灰还田减施化肥(SB+NPK)和单施化肥(NPK)等处理, 以稻草不还田不施化肥(CK)为对照, 施肥处理中氮磷钾养分用量相等。研究了不同处理对双季晚稻产量、氮磷钾素养分吸收利用的影响。结果表明, 在等量氮磷钾养分施用条件下, 连续6年早稻稻草还田处理有利于协调双季晚稻穗粒结构, 协同维持晚稻产量稳定, 保持与其余施肥处理产量基本持平。与NPK相比, SI+NPK处理植株各器官中N、P、K含量及总吸收量在生育前期均较低, 生育后期较高, 且P、K养分吸收量差异显著; SI+NPK可显著提高水稻N、P、K养分收获指数、农学效率、回收率和养分偏生产力, 而SB+NPK只比NPK显著提高了K养分收获指数、农学效率、回收率和养分偏生产力。此外, SI+NPK也比SB+NPK提高了氮、磷、钾养分收获指数、农学效率、回收率及偏生产力。总之, 早稻稻草还田替代部分化肥可稳定晚稻产量水平及提高养分利用效率, 实现南方稻区土壤养分资源的高效利用。

关键词: 定位试验, 等量养分投入, 稻草还田减施化肥, 产量, 养分利用效率

Abstract:

Replacing chemical fertilizer with straw incorporation is an important way to reduce fertilizer application and improve fertilizer efficiency. The objective of six year field location experiments under the same N, P, and K inputs, was to systematically explore the effects of straw incorporation and reducing chemical fertilizers on plant nutrient absorption and utilization under mechanical harvest, so as to provide a basic support for the reasonable utilization of straw resource, rice high yield and its nutrient management measure in the southern rice zone. The experiments were conducted being in the cultivated land quality monitoring station of Wenzhen town, Jiangxi province, Wufengyou T025, super hybrid late rice cultivar. Four treatments were included: total straw incorporation and reducing chemical fertilizers (SI+NPK), straw burning and reducing chemical fertilizers (SB+NPK), chemical fertilizers (NPK), and no chemical fertilizers (CK). The three fertilization treatments were with equal quantity of fertilizers (N 195 kg ha-1, P2O5 87.8 kg ha-1, and K2O 175.5 kg ha-1) whatever chemical and organic ones. The variation of rice yield and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium uptake and their utilization efficiency were determined. SI+NPK of early rice in continuous six years was avail able to balance the panicle and spikelet, and hold steady grain yield of late rice, with the same level compared with SB+NPK and NPK. Compared with NPK treatment, SI+NPK treatment had lower N, P, K contents and accumulation at the vegetative growth stage including tillering stage and panicle initiation, but higher those at the reproductive stage such as heading stage and maturity stage. Moreover, the P, K accumulation was significantly increased in SI+NPK treatment. Compared with NPK treatment, SI+NPK treatment enhanced N, P, K fertilizer harvest index, agronomy efficiency (AE), recovery efficiency (RE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) significantly, but SB+NPK treatment only enhanced K fertilizer harvest index, AE, RE, and PFP significantly. Meanwhile, compared with SB+NPK treatment, SI+NPK treatment increased N, P, K fertilizer harvest index, AE, RE and PFP. Overall, straw incorporation replacing partial chemical fertilizer of early rice, in contrast to straw burning and chemical fertilizers application, is proved to be a feasible way to stabilize grain yield of late rice, enhance nutrient utilization efficiency, and realize the efficient utilization of soil nutrient resource in the southern rice zone.

Key words: field location experiments, equal N, P, K inputs, straw incorporation and reducing chemical fertilizers, grain yield, nutrient utilization efficiency

表1

各施肥处理养分用量"

处理
Treatment		 氮N 磷P2O5 钾K2O
化肥
Chemical fertilizer		 有机肥
Organic manure		 化肥
Chemical fertilizer		 有机肥
Organic manure		 化肥
Chemical fertilizer		 有机肥
Organic manure
SI+NPK 143.00 52.00 78.80 9.00 63.00 112.50
SB+NPK 193.06 1.94 81.00 6.80 60.00 115.50
NPK 195.00 0 87.80 0 175.50 0

表2

稻草还田减施化肥下双季晚稻产量"

处理
Treatment		 产量 Yield (t hm-2) 平均值
Average		 变异系数
CV (%)		 相比CK增产率
RYI to CK (%)		 相比NPK增产率RYI to NPK (%)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
SI+NPK 8.12 b 8.72 a 9.00 a 9.58 a 9.17 a 8.60 a 8.86 a 5.66 67.64 2.80
SB+NPK 8.92 a 8.97 a 8.87 a 9.45 a 9.02 a 8.02 b 8.87 a 5.28 67.83 2.92
NPK 8.14 b 8.21 b 8.87 a 9.25 a 9.04 a 8.23 b 8.62 a 5.65 63.07 —
CK 5.95 c 5.11 c 6.17 b 5.10 b 4.80 b 4.60 c 5.29 b 11.92 — —

表3

稻草还田减施化肥对双季晚稻产量构成因素的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 有效穗数
Effective panicle
( ×104 hm-2 )		 每穗粒数
Spikelets per panicle		 结实率
Seed setting rate
(%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)
2014 SI+NPK 276.2 a 160.2 a 93.14 ab 24.90 a
SB+NPK 270.6 a 155.5 ab 93.39 ab 24.76 a
NPK 284.7 a 151.5 b 91.47 b 24.84 a
CK 171.9 b 126.5 c 96.23 a 24.66 a
2015 SI+NPK 268.5 a 154.3 a 89.43 ab 25.01 a
SB+NPK 255.3 a 150.7 ab 88.05 b 24.66 a
NPK 280.6 a 140.4 b 89.34 ab 24.52 a
CK 193.1 b 115.5 c 93.15 a 24.27 a

表4

稻草还田减施化肥对双季晚稻各器官氮含量的影响"

处理
Treatment		 分蘖期TS 穗分化期PI 抽穗期HS 成熟期MS
茎鞘
SS		 叶
Leaf		 茎鞘
SS		 叶
Leaf		 茎鞘
SS		 叶
Leaf		 穗
Panicle		 茎鞘
SS		 叶
Leaf		 穗
Panicle
SI+NPK 17.30 b 35.90 b 6.07 b 19.97 b 10.33 a 27.97 a 14.37 ab 6.60 a 12.14 a 11.97 a
SB+NPK 17.40 b 34.80 b 7.37 ab 26.50 a 10.16 a 26.10 a 13.80 b 6.37 a 13.97 a 11.33 a
NPK 19.10 a 37.50 a 8.72 a 26.80 a 9.97 a 27.33 a 15.70 a 7.02 a 13.90 a 11.13 a
CK 11.50 c 27.10 c 5.02 c 17.97 b 5.15 b 14.87 b 8.31 c 3.10 b 6.55 b 7.91 b

表5

稻草还田减施化肥对双季晚稻各器官磷含量的影响"

处理
Treatment		 分蘖期TS 穗分化期PI 抽穗期HS 成熟期MS
茎鞘
SS		 叶
Leaf		 茎鞘
SS		 叶
Leaf		 茎鞘
SS		 叶
Leaf		 穗
Panicle		 茎鞘
SS		 叶
Leaf		 穗
Panicle
SI+NPK 2.38 a 2.19 a 2.44 a 1.86 ab 3.44 a 2.65 a 2.43 a 1.70 a 1.43 a 2.80 a
SB+NPK 2.69 a 1.56 b 2.81 a 2.19 a 3.04 ab 2.18 ab 2.02 a 1.35 ab 1.21 a 2.20 ab
NPK 2.46 a 2.25 a 2.77 a 2.30 a 2.76 b 2.40 a 2.20 a 1.47 a 1.30 a 2.32 a
CK 2.81 a 2.07 ab 2.87 a 1.67 b 2.11 c 1.61 b 1.31 b 0.94 b 0.97 a 1.64 b

表6

稻草还田减施化肥对双季晚稻各器官钾含量的影响"

处理
Treatment		 分蘖期TS 穗分化期PI 抽穗期HS 成熟期MS
茎鞘
SS		 叶
Leaf		 茎鞘
SS		 叶
Leaf		 茎鞘
SS		 叶
Leaf		 穗
Panicle		 茎鞘
SS		 叶
Leaf		 穗
Panicle
SI+NPK 43.24 a 18.40 a 35.38 a 16.39 a 23.32 ab 13.15 a 6.95 a 29.64 b 9.09 b 5.52 a
SB+NPK 44.05 a 16.41 ab 35.80 a 17.30 a 22.24 b 12.61 a 5.91 a 28.05 b 8.57 b 5.25 a
NPK 47.43 a 18.45 a 37.02 a 17.19 a 21.85 b 13.14 a 5.65 a 27.66 b 7.70 b 5.18 a
CK 35.38 b 15.59 b 37.93 a 13.76 b 27.39 a 15.00 a 5.72 a 36.31 a 14.66 a 6.50 a

图1

稻草还田减施化肥下植株氮、磷、钾素累积量柱形图上不同字母表示同一取样期处理间差异达5%显著水平。SI+NPK: 稻草还田减施化肥; SB+NPK: 稻草烧灰还田减施化肥; NPK: 单施化肥; CK: 对照。"

表7

稻草还田减施化肥下植株养分利用效率的变化"

处理
Treatment		 收获指数HI (%) 农学效率AE (kg kg-1) 回收率RE (%) 偏生产力PFP (kg kg-1)
N P K N P K N P K N P K
SI+NPK 70.46 b 74.05 a 27.99 a 27.94 a 50.69 a 63.40 a 65.13 a 26.71 a 0.83 a 60.13 a 109.12 a 143.31 a
SB+NPK 67.70 bc 73.02 ab 27.56 a 17.49 b 42.11 b 56.85 a 44.58 b 17.34 b 0.69 a 41.10 b 98.95 b 127.22 b
NPK 62.74 c 70.00 b 26.01 b 18.60 b 41.31 b 20.67 b 46.62 b 17.84 b 0.25 c 42.21 b 93.75 c 46.90 c
CK 77.59 a 75.24 a 27.12 a — — — — — — — — —
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