黄土塬区春玉米田不同施氮方式的产量和肥料氮去向

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.63041

作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (11): 3366-3375.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.63041

黄土塬区春玉米田不同施氮方式的产量和肥料氮去向

李嘉¹，吕慎强²，王晋峰¹，王筱斐²，杨泽宇²，王林权^2,3,*

1运城学院生命科学系, 山西运城 044000; 2西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西杨凌 712100; 3漯河食品工程职业大学, 河南漯河 462000

收稿日期:2026-04-20 修回日期:2026-08-21 接受日期:2026-08-21 出版日期:2026-11-12 网络出版日期:2026-08-26
通讯作者: 王林权, E-mail: linquanw@nwsuaf.edu.cn
基金资助:
本研究由山西省基础研究计划(202403021222302), 山西省优秀博士来晋科研专项项目(QZX-2023041, LJZX-202504), 运城学院博士科研启动项目(YQ-2024001, YQ-2024028)和运城学院应用研究项目(YY-202402)资助。

Effects of different nitrogen application methods on yield and fertilizer nitrogen fate of spring maize fields in the Loess Tableland

Li Jia¹,Lyu Shen-Qiang²,Wang Jin-Feng¹,Wang Xiao-Feⁱ²,Yang Ze-Yu²,Wang Lin-Quan^2,3,*

1 Department of Life Sciences, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, Shanxi, China; 2 College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; 3 Luohe Food Engineering Vocational University, Luohe 462000, Henan, China

Received:2026-04-20 Revised:2026-08-21 Accepted:2026-08-21 Published:2026-11-12 Published online:2026-08-26
Supported by:
This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation Project of Shanxi Province (202403021222302), the Excellent Doctoral Research Project for Invited Scholars from Shanxi Province (QZX-2023041; LJZX-202504), the Yuncheng University Doctoral Research Initiation Project (YQ-2024001; YQ-2024028) and the Applied Research Project of Yuncheng University (YY-202402).

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

明确施肥时间及氮肥种类对春玉米产量、肥料氮去向的影响，可为黄土塬区雨养春玉米合理氮素管理提供理论依据。本研究于2020—2022年采用田间大区和微区结合的方法，设4个大区处理：(1) 不施氮(CK)；(2) 分次施普通尿素(S-U，基施40%，十叶期(V10)追施60%)；(3) 一次性基施普通尿素(B-U)；(4) 一次性基施基质缓释尿素(B-SRU)。微区内采用¹⁵N标记尿素(10.14 atom%)对施入氮肥进行示踪，其中分次施肥处理另设仅基肥为¹⁵N标记尿素(S-Ub_m)和仅追肥为¹⁵N标记尿素(S-Ut_m)两个微区。所有施氮处理施氮量均为180 kg hm^?2。结果显示，B-SRU产量较高，但与其余施氮处理未达显著差异，其经济效益较S-U显著增加2338 yuan hm^?2。各施氮处理整季氮素累积量无显著差异，但植株氮素来源于肥料氮的量(Ndff)的阶段特征随施肥时间和肥料种类而异。与B-U_m相比，S-U_m显著降低53.7% V10前Ndff，增加63.2% V10后Ndff；B-SRU_m降低12.4% V10前Ndff，增加22.4% V10后Ndff。S-U_m植株氮素来源以追肥氮为主，但S-Ub_m第1季¹⁵N利用率高于S-Ut_m。氮去向方面，S-U_m第1季¹⁵N利用率、残留率和损失率分别为29.7%、49.6%和20.8%，B-U_m第1季¹⁵N利用率与S-U_m无显著差异，但残留率显著降低29.3%，损失率增加70.7%，¹⁵N累积利用率降低18.5%。B-SRU_m较B-U_m增加0~20 cm土层31.4% ¹⁵N土壤残留量，残留率显著提高39.5%，损失率降低26.7%，并增加后茬作物对残留氮素的吸收，¹⁵N累积利用率提高7.4%。综上，黄土塬区雨养春玉米区一次性基施基质缓释尿素不仅能维持产量，而且可有效增加经济效益，降低氮素损失率，是适宜当地春玉米轻简化种植的科学施肥措施。

关键词: 产量, 半膜覆盖, 雨养, ¹⁵N利用率, 缓释氮肥

Abstract: This study investigated the effects of fertilizer application time and nitrogen (N) fertilizer type on spring maize yield and fertilizer N fate to provide a theoretical basis for rational nitrogen management in rain-fed spring maize on the Loess Tableland. A field experiment combining large plots and microplots was conducted from 2020 to 2022. Four large-plot treatments were established: (1) no N application (CK); (2) split-applied common urea (S-U, with 40% applied as basal fertilizer and 60% as topdressing at the ten-leaf stage (V10)); (3) a single basal application of common urea (B-U); and (4) a single basal application of matrix-based slow-release urea (B-SRU). In the microplots, the fate of N fertilizer was traced using ¹⁵N?labeled urea (10.14 atom%). For the split-applied N treatment, two additional microplot treatments were established, with ¹⁵N-labeled urea applied only as basal fertilizer (S-Ub_m) and only as topdressing (S-Ut_m). The N application rate for all fertilization treatments was 180 kg hm^?2. The results showed that the B-SRU treatment produced a higher yield, but the difference from the other N treatments was not significant; however, its economic benefit was 2338 yuan hm^?2 higher than that of S-U. There was no significant difference in total plant N accumulation among fertilization treatments during the whole growing season, but the stage-specific characteristics of the amount of plant N derived from fertilizer N (Ndff) varied with fertilization time and N fertilizer type. Compared with B-U_m, S-U_m significantly reduced pre-V10 Ndff by 53.7% and increased post-V10 Ndff by 63.2%; B-SRU_m decreased pre-V10 Ndff by 12.4% and increased post-V10 Ndff by 22.4%. In the split-application treatment, S-U_m plants derived N mainly from topdressed N, yet the first season ¹⁵N recovery efficiency (¹⁵NRE) of S-Ub_m was greater than that of S-Ut_m. Regarding fertilizer N fate, the first season ¹⁵NRE, residual rate, and loss rate of S-U_m were 29.7%, 49.6%, and 20.8%, respectively. The B-U_m treatment exhibited a first-season ¹⁵NRE similar to that of S-U_m, but significantly decreased the residual rate by 29.3%, increased the loss rate by 70.7%, and reduced the cumulative ¹⁵NRE by 18.5%. Compared with B-U_m, B-SRU_m increased the amount of soil ¹⁵N residue in the 0–20 cm layer by 31.4%, significantly increased the residual rate by 39.5%, decreased the loss rate by 26.7%, and enhanced the uptake of residual N by the succeeding crop, thus increasing the cumulative ¹⁵NRE by 7.4%. In conclusion, a single basal application of matrix-based slow-release urea can maintain yield while effectively improving economic benefit and reducing the N loss rate for rain-fed spring maize on the Loess Tableland. This practice is recommended as an appropriate fertilization strategy for simplified and labor-saving spring maize cultivation in this region.

Key words: yield, semi-film mulching, rain-fed, ¹⁵N recovery efficiency, slow-release nitrogen fertilizer

李嘉, 吕慎强, 王晋峰, 王筱斐, 杨泽宇, 王林权. 黄土塬区春玉米田不同施氮方式的产量和肥料氮去向[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(11): 3366-3375.

Li Jia, Lyu Shen-Qiang, Wang Jin-Feng, Wang Xiao-Fei, Yang Ze-Yu, Wang Lin-Quan. Effects of different nitrogen application methods on yield and fertilizer nitrogen fate of spring maize fields in the Loess Tableland[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2026, 52(11): 3366-3375.

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链接本文: https://zwxb.chinacrops.org/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.63041

https://zwxb.chinacrops.org/CN/Y2026/V52/I11/3366

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黄土塬区春玉米田不同施氮方式的产量和肥料氮去向

Effects of different nitrogen application methods on yield and fertilizer nitrogen fate of spring maize fields in the Loess Tableland

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