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作物学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (11): 1780-1789.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.01027

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同产量水平稻茬小麦氮素需求特征研究

杜宇笑(), 李鑫格, 王雪, 刘小军, 田永超, 朱艳, 曹卫星, 曹强*()   

  1. 南京农业大学国家信息农业工程技术中心 / 智慧农业教育部工程研究中心 / 农业农村部农作物系统分析与决策重点实验室 / 江苏省信息农业重点实验室, 江苏南京 210095
  • 收稿日期:2020-03-26 接受日期:2020-07-02 出版日期:2020-11-12 网络出版日期:2020-07-13
  • 通讯作者: 曹强
  • 作者简介:E-mail:2018801186@njau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金青年项目(31601222);中央高校基本科研业务费专项(KJQN201725);江苏现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(JATS[2019]433);江苏现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(JATS[2019]141)

Nitrogen demand characteristics with different grain yield levels for wheat after rice

DU Yu-Xiao(), LI Xin-Ge, WANG Xue, LIU Xiao-Jun, TIAN Yong-Chao, ZHU Yan, CAO Wei-Xing, CAO Qiang*()   

  1. National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricltural University / Engineering and Research Center for Smart Agriculture, Ministry of Education / Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2020-03-26 Accepted:2020-07-02 Published:2020-11-12 Published online:2020-07-13
  • Contact: Qiang CAO
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(31601222);the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University(KJQN201725);the Earmarked Fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System(JATS[2019]433);the Earmarked Fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System(JATS[2019]141)

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摘要：

明确长江中下游地区不同产量水平稻茬小麦氮素需求特征, 可为小麦施肥管理提供理论依据。本研究通过在江苏开展的多年多点不同品种、氮肥水平以及播期播量的小麦试验, 构建不同产量水平的实测数据集, 分析不同产量水平下单位籽粒需氮量、干物质积累量、植株氮积累量、氮浓度(植株氮浓度、秸秆氮浓度、籽粒氮浓度)、收获指数、氮收获指数和氮营养指数的变化规律。结果表明, 不同产量水平下单位籽粒需氮量无显著差异, 中低产的单位籽粒需氮量最高, 其值为27.8 kg t-1; 低产水平最低, 其值为24.8 kg t-1。随着产量水平的提高, 成熟期干物质积累量、植株氮积累量、植株氮浓度均呈上升趋势, 不同产量水平间差异显著。小麦产量与植株氮积累量呈显著正相关, 播种期—拔节期、拔节期—开花期和开花期—成熟期的干物质积累量和氮积累量均随着产量的提高而提高, 但不同生育阶段的植株干物质积累和氮积累占比呈现不同变化趋势。秸秆和籽粒氮浓度均随产量水平的提高而提高, 高产水平下的秸秆氮浓度与中产无显著差异, 但显著高于中低产和低产水平; 而对于籽粒氮浓度, 除中产和中低产水平外均存在显著差异。收获指数随产量水平的提高而逐渐提高, 其变化范围为0.39~0.49, 其中低产和中低产显著低于中产和高产; 而不同产量水平间氮收获指数无显著差异, 其变化范围为0.60~0.96。氮营养指数随着产量水平的提高逐渐提高, 且在不同产量水平间差异显著, 高产水平的氮营养指数较高, 部分值大于1, 表明有的试验氮肥供应过量。随着产量水平的提高, 单位籽粒需氮量呈现先增加后下降趋势, 而干物质积累量、植株氮积累量、植株氮浓度、秸秆氮浓度和籽粒氮浓度均逐渐提高, 其中秸秆氮浓度增幅高于籽粒氮浓度, 田间施肥应注意避免小麦对氮素的奢侈吸收。收获指数和氮收获指数的变化范围与前人研究一致, 生长后期较高的干物质积累量和植株氮积累量是小麦获得高产的主要原因, 利用氮营养指数可以对小麦田间氮肥管理起到较好的指导作用。

关键词: 产量水平, 单位籽粒需氮量, 收获指数, 氮营养指数

Abstract:

It is necessary to clarify the nitrogen (N) demand characteristics with yield levels for wheat after rice in the middle and down reaches of the Yangtze River, which could provide theoretical basis for N fertilizer management. Based-on the multi-years and multi-sites wheat experiments in Jiangsu province, this study constructed the datasets of different yield levels derived from different varieties, N rates, densities, and sowing date experiments. N indicators including N requirement per ton grain (Nreq), dry matter accumulation (DMA), plant N accumulation (PNA), plant N concentration (PNC), straw N concentration (SNC), grain N concentration (GNC), harvest index (HI), N harvest index (NHI) and N nutrition index (NNI) were analyzed. The results showed that there were not significant differences in Nreq among the different yield levels, and the highest Nreq was middle-low yield with 27.8 kg t-1, while the lowest value was 24.8 kg t-1for low yield level. With the increase of yield levels, DMA, PNA and PNC all showed a gradually increasing trend during maturity stage, and there were significant differences among the different yield levels. There was a significant positive correlation between grain yield and PNA, the DMA and PNA increased with the increase of yield in the sowing-jointing stage, jointing-flowering stage and flowering-maturing stage, but the DMA and PNA proportion in different growth stages showed different trends. The SNC and GNC increased with the increase of yield levels. For SNC, there was no significant difference between the high yield and middle yield level, but it was significantly higher than the low-middle and low yield level. For GNC, there were significant differences among different yield levels except for the middle and low-middle yield level. The HI increased gradually with the increase of the yield levels, and its range was 0.39-0.49. The HI for low-middle and low yields were significantly lower than that of middle and high yield levels, while there were not significant differences in NHI among different yield levels. Its variation range was 0.60-0.96. The NNI gradually increased with the increase of the yield levels, and there was significant difference between different yield levels. The NNI of the high-yield level was higher, and some of the values were greater than 1 which indicating that some experiments had excessive nitrogen fertilizer supply. With the increase of the yield level, the Nreq increased first and then decreased, while the DMA, PNA, PNC, SNC, and GNC were gradual increased. The increase of SNC was higher than the GNC, therefore, the extravagant absorption of N by wheat should be avoided in field management. The variation ranges of the HI and NHI were consistent with previous studies. The higher DMA and PNA in the late growth stages were the main reasons for the high yield of wheat. The NNI could be a promising indictor in the field N management of wheat.

Key words: yield levels, nitrogen requirement per ton grain, harvest index, nitrogen nutrition index

表1

各试验设计与产量范围"

地点Location 试验年份Year 品种
Cultivar		 播期(月/日)
Sowing date (month/day)		 氮肥
Nitrogen rate
(kg hm-2)		 密度
Density
(×104 hm-2)		 产量范围
Range of yield
(t hm-2)
仪征市
Yizheng		 2010-2011 扬麦16
Yangmai 16		 10/15, 10/25, 11/4, 11/14, 11/24 225 135, 180, 270, 315 5.1-8.3
徐州市
Xuzhou		 2013-2014 徐麦30, 济麦22
Xumai 30, Jimai 22		 10/15 0, 90, 180, 270, 375 240 3.4-8.9
如皋市
Rugao		 2013-2014 宁麦13, 徐麦30
Ningmai 13, Xumai 30		 10/28 0, 75, 150, 225, 300 225 2.9-9.1
兴化市
Xinghua		 2018-2019 镇麦12, 宁麦13, 扬麦23
Zhenmai 12, Ningmai 13, Yangmai 23		 11/1 0, 90, 180, 270, 360 225 2.8-7.4
兴化市
Xinghua		 2018-2019 扬麦23
Yangmai 23		 11/4, 11/24, 12/1 0, 180, 270, 360 180, 270, 360 2.9-8.5

表2

小麦生育期降雨量和试验田块土壤基础理化指标"

地点Location 试验年份Year 全氮 Total N
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮Available N (mg kg-1) 速效磷Available P (mg kg-1) 速效钾Available K
(mg kg-1)		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 磷肥施用量
P rate
(kg hm-2)		 钾肥施用量
K rate
(kg hm-2)		 生育期降水量
Rainfall (mm)
仪征市
Yizheng		 2010-2011 1.27 112.48 45.63 89.39 20.50 120 135 1172.4
如皋市
Rugao		 2013-2014 2.49 170.48 52.63 93.48 30.50 120 120 1387.0
徐州市
Xuzhou		 2013-2014 1.55 122.53 45.83 80.72 35.50 135 135 695.6
兴化市
Xinghua		 2018-2019 1.37 102.86 28.89 120.59 18.68 105 120 492.4

表3

不同产量水平样本描述性统计分析"

产量水平
Yield level (t hm-2)		 样本容量Sample size 平均值Mean 标准差 SD 最小值 Min. 25%分位25% Q 中间值
Median		 75%分位
75% Q		 最大值
Max.
低产<4.5 Low yield <4.5 26 3.5 0.5 2.7 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
4.5≤中低产<6.0 4.5≤low-middle yield <6.0 33 5.3 0.4 4.5 5.0 5.4 5.7 6.0
6.0≤中产<7.5 6.0≤ middle yield <7.5 64 6.9 0.4 6.1 6.6 6.9 7.2 7.5
高产≥7.5 High yield ≥7.5 48 8.1 0.4 7.5 7.8 8.1 8.5 9.1
总计 Total 171 6.4 1.6 2.7 5.4 6.7 7.6 9.1

图1

籽粒产量与植株氮积累量的关系(A)和不同产量水平单位籽粒需氮量(B) 图(A)中实线表示拟合曲线, ***显著性为P < 0.001; 图(B)中实线表示平均值, 虚线表示中值, 箱型边界表示75%和25%的四分位数, 上下边缘表示90和10百分位数, 圆点表示最大值和最小值, ns代表不同产量水平间无显著差异(P < 0.05)。"

图2

不同产量水平下干物质积累量(A)、植株氮积累量(B)和植株氮浓度(C)的变化规律 图中实线表示平均值, 虚线表示中值, 箱型边界表示75%和25%的四分位数, 上下边缘表示90和10百分位数, 圆点表示最大值和最小值, 同一图片中的不同小字母(a, b, c, d)表示产量水平间有显著差异(P < 0.05)。"

图3

不同产量水平不同生育阶段干物质积累量(A)和氮积累量(B)占成熟期总积累量的百分比 图中GS0代表播种期, GS31代表拔节期, GS65代表开花期, GS100代表成熟期。"

图4

不同产量水平下氮收获指数(A)、收获指数(B)、秸秆氮浓度(C)和籽粒氮浓度(D)的变化规律 图中实线表示平均值, 虚线表示中值, 箱型边界表示75%和25%的四分位数, 上下边缘表示90和10百分位数, 圆点表示最大值和最小值, 同一图片中的不同小字母(a, b, c, d)表示产量水平间显著差异, ns表示4个产量水平间无显著差异(P < 0.05)。"

图5

不同产量水平小麦氮营养指数变化规律(A)及其与籽粒产量的相关关系(B) 图(A)中实线表示平均值, 虚线表示中值, 箱型边界表示75%和25%的四分位数, 上下边缘表示90和10百分位数, 圆点表示最大值和最小值, 不同小字母(a, b, c, d)表示产量水平间有显著差异(P < 0.05); 图(B)中实线表示拟合曲线, ***显著性为P < 0.001。"

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