抛栽稻高产形成及生态生理特征

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.02217

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

抛栽稻成本低, 易操作, 高产稳产潜力大, 深入研究抛栽稻对我国水稻生产的轻简化栽培具有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨抛栽稻高产形成及生态生理特征。稻麦两熟制下, 以常规粳稻南粳44和杂交粳稻甬优8号为材料, 以洗根手插为对照, 从摆栽、点抛和撒拋3种抛栽方式下水稻产量形成的茎蘖动态、LAI、光合势、物质生产等方面的特性, 并从株型特征、后期根系活力、光合特性、物质积累与转运等方面探讨抛栽稻高产形成的生态生理基础。结果表明, 甬优8号摆栽、点抛、撒抛3种抛栽方式的2年平均产量分别较对照(洗根手插)高21.9%、18.3%和13.2%, 南粳44分别较对照高18.3%、14.1%和9.87%, 两品种产量均为摆栽>点抛>撒抛>洗根手插, 差异显著或极显著。抛栽稻的结实率和千粒重显著或极显著低于对照, 但总颖花量均显著或极显著高于对照, 产量提高的原因主要是总颖花量较高。抛栽稻较对照, 高峰苗数多, 成穗率高或与其相当, 最终有效穗数足, 叶面积指数和光合势高, 群体质量较对照更稳健。抛栽稻高产稳产的生态生理基础为: 秧苗移栽大田后分蘖早, 分蘖叶位多, 分蘖性强, 分蘖质量高、数量足; 抽穗期株高适中, 茎鞘粗壮, 叶系配置好, 通风透光强, 物质积累量高, 库源协调, 产量潜力更高; 后期根系发达, 叶片衰老慢, 光合生产能力强, 群体茎鞘物质输出与运转协调, 籽粒充实度高。就不同抛栽方式而言, 精确摆栽和点抛生长优势显著高于撒抛, 更易于实现高产稳产。

关键词: 抛栽稻, 抛栽方式, 高产形成, 生态生理特征

Abstract:

Cast-Transplanting rice has a low cast, easy operation, high and stable yield potential advantage, Depth study of the seedings throwing is very important to develop the light and simple cultivation of rice. The purpose of this study is to explore the high yield formation and its eco-physiological characteristics of cast-transplanting rice. Under the rice-wheat cropping systems, conventional japonica cultivar “Nanjing 44” and japonica hybrid rice cultivar “Yongyou 8” were used to investigate the characteristics of high yield formation including tillering dynamic, LAI, photosynthetic potential, dry matter production and the eco-physiological basis, such as post-root activity, photosynthetic characteristics, material accumulation and translocation, with three cast-transplanting methods of transplanted seedlings (TS), pointed seedlings (PS), and broadcasted seedlings (BS) in contrast with the manually transplanting of seedlings with roots washed beforehand (MTS), which could provide the theoretical and practical basis for the high and stable yield of the cast-transplanting rice. The results showed that the yields of three methods were 21.9%, 18.3%, and 13.2% higher than MTS for “Yongyou 8”, and 18.3%, 14.1%, and 9.87% higher than MTS for “Nanjing 44”, respectively. The yields of two cultivars both showed the trend of TS > PS > BS > MTS. Though the filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight of cast-transplanting rice were significantly or very significantly lower than those of MTS, the total number of spikelets of cast-transplanting rice was conformably higher than that of MTS at a significant or very significant degree. The increased yield was mainly due to the higher total spikelet number. Compared to MTS, the cast-transplanting rice had more peak seedling tillers, higher or equivalent ratios of productive tillers to total tillers, an enough number of ultimate effective panicles, higher LAI and LAD, and thus a more robust population quality. According to these results, we could give the conclusion of the eco-physiological basis of high and stable yield of cast-transplanting rice. After transplantation, there were earlier tillering, more leaf tillering positions, stronger tillering capability, and higher quality and enough quantity of tillering. At the heading stage, they had suitable plant height, stouter stems and sheaths, efficient leaf configurations, preferable air ventilation and light transmission conditions, higher biomass accumulation, a more coordinated sink-source relationship, and hence a higher yield potential. In the late growth period, the cast-transplanting rice had stronger roots, slower senescence of leaves, more powerful photosynthesis, more coordinated dry matter accumulation and translocation of stem and sheath, higher filling ratios, being more conducive to the higher yield. TS and PS have evident advantages than MTS, and are more favorable in achieving higher yield.

Key words: 抛栽稻, 抛栽方式, 高产形成, 生态生理特征

张军，张洪程*，郭保卫，葛梦婕，周兴涛，朱聪聪，董啸波，陈京都，戴其根，霍中洋，许轲，魏海燕，高辉. 抛栽稻高产形成及生态生理特征[J]. 作物学报, 2012, 38(12): 2217-2228.

ZHANG Jun,ZHANG Hong-Cheng*,GUO Bao-Wei,GE Meng-Jie,ZHOU Xing-Tao,Zhu Cong-cong,DONG Xiao-Bo,CHEN Jing-Du,DAI Qi-Gen,HUO Zhong-Yang,XU Ke,WEI Hai-Yan,GAO Hui. High Yield Formation and Its Eco-Physiological Characteristics of Cast-Transplanting Rice[J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38(12): 2217-2228.

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