耕层重构对连作棉田土壤理化性状及棉花生长发育的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2017.00754

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对黄河流域连作棉田常年旋耕导致犁底层变厚变硬, 土壤蓄水保墒能力下降, 养分在表层富集, 病害加重等问题, 探讨土壤耕层重构技术在黄河流域棉区生产上的可行性。试验于2014和2015年在河北省农林科学院棉花研究所威县试验站进行, 在连作棉花20年的土壤条件下采用随机区组试验, 设置了T1 (0~15 cm与15~30 cm土壤互换)、T2 (0~20 cm与20~40 cm土壤互换, 同时松动40~55 cm土壤)、T3 (0~20 cm与20~40 cm土壤互换, 同时松动40~70 cm土壤)、CK (旋耕15 cm) 4个处理, 调查土壤理化性状、棉花生育性状、田间杂草与病衰指数等指标。结果表明, 在20~40 cm土层T2处理容重两年较CK分别降低0.13 g cm–3与0.15 g cm–3；20~40 cm土层全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量T2与T3显著高于T1与CK；灌水(雨)后深层土壤蓄水量增加, 播种后40~60 cm与60~80 cm土层蓄水量T2较CK 2014年增加3.5 mm、5.5 mm, 2015年增加6.7 mm、3.4 mm, 在蕾期干旱时0~20 cm与20~40 cm土层蓄水量T2较CK 2014年高6.6 mm、8.7 mm, 2015年高4.2 mm、9.2 mm。耕层重构后棉花根系量显著增加, 地上部干物质积累表现出开花期前低、开花期后高的趋势; 耕层重构处理单株铃数、单铃重、皮棉产量较对照显著提高, T2皮棉产量两年较CK分别增加6.1%、10.2%。耕层重构对灭除田间杂草具有明显效果, T2处理病衰指数两年分别降低41.7与31.9个百分点。适宜的土壤耕层重构方式(T2)是解决连作棉田问题、提高棉花产量的有效措施。

关键词: 耕层重构, 土壤理化性状, 棉花发育, 病衰指数

Abstract:

In continuous cropping cotton areas, the application of rotary tillage in successive years results in solid plow pan, decreases soil water storage ability, enriches nutrients in topsoil and aggravates diseases in the Yellow River Valley of China. The field experiments were conducted with randomized block design in 2014 and 2015 at Wei county experimental station of Cotton Research Institute of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science where cotton was cropped over 20 years. Four treatments including T1 (exchanged a soil layer of 0–15 cm for that of 15–30 cm), T2 (exchanged a soil layer of 0–20 cm for that of 20–40 cm, loosed 40–55 cm layer), T3 (exchanged a soil layer of 0–20 cm for that of 20–40 cm, loosed 40–70 cm layer) and CK (rotary tillage in the depth of 15 cm) were designed to investigate soil physical and chemical properties, cotton development traits, weeds, disease and presenility indices. The results showed that soil bulk density of T2 at 20–40 cm soil layer was 0.13 g cm–3 and 0.15 g cm–3 lower than those of CK in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The contents of total N, available P, available K of T2 and T3 were significantly higher than those of CK and T1 at 20–40 cm soil layer. After irrigation or rain soil water storage in deep layers increased and after sowing at 40–60 cm and 60–80 cm layers compared with CK soil water storage of T2 was 3.5 mm and 5.5 mm higher in 2014, 6.7 mm and 3.4 mm higher in 2015, respectively. At square stage in drought conditions compared with CK soil water storage of T2 at 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm layers was 6.6 mm and 8.7 mm higher in 2014, 4.2 mm and 9.2 mm higher in 2015, respectively. Restructuring tilth layers increased cotton roots greatly and dry matter accumulation above ground was lower than that of CK before flowering stage but higher after flowering stage. The boll number per plant, boll weight and lint yield of restructuring tilth layers were significantly higher than those of CK, and lint yield of T2 was increased by 6.1% and 10.2% compared with CK in 2014 and 2015 respectively. Restructuring tilth layers was effective in weeds control and decreasing diseases and presenility, and the disease and presenility indices (DPI) of T2 were decreased by 41.7% and 31.9% in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Appropriate restructuring tilth layers (T2) is an effective measure to solve problems in continuous cotton cropping fields and increase cotton yields.

Key words: Restructuring tilth layers, Soil physical and chemical properties, Cotton development, Disease and presenility index

王树林,祁虹,王燕,张谦,冯国艺,林永增. 耕层重构对连作棉田土壤理化性状及棉花生长发育的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2017, 43(05): 741-753.

WANG Shu-Lin,QI Hong,WANG Yan,ZHANG Qian,FENG Guo-Yi,LIN Yong-Zeng. Effects of Restructuring Tilth Layers on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Cotton Development in Continuous Cropping Cotton Fields[J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2017, 43(05): 741-753.

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