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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (2): 359-367.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.03038

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同膜上遮挡措施对旱地玉米土壤理化性状及产量的影响

王奇(), 扶亚芳, 司雷勇, 金岩, 夏镇卿, 路海东*()   

  1. 西北农林科技大学农学院 / 农业农村部西北旱区玉米生物学与遗传育种重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100
  • 收稿日期:2020-06-19 接受日期:2020-09-13 出版日期:2021-02-12 网络出版日期:2020-09-22
  • 通讯作者: 路海东
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1061749064@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(31771724);陕西省科技重点研发计划项目(2018-NY-031)

Effects of different cooling methods on maize soil physical and chemical properties and yield in dryland

WANG Qi(), FU Ya-Fang, SI Lei-Yong, JIN Yan, XIA Zhen-Qing, LU Hai-Dong*()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University / Laboratory Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in the Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2020-06-19 Accepted:2020-09-13 Published:2021-02-12 Published online:2020-09-22
  • Contact: LU Hai-Dong
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771724);Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(2018-NY-031)

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摘要：

针对西北雨养旱作地区玉米长期地膜覆盖下出现的植株早衰现象, 从不改变地膜保水功能的角度出发, 采取地膜玉米膜上遮挡降温覆盖措施, 研究不同膜上遮挡措施下土壤温度变化及对玉米产量形成的影响, 分析不同膜上遮挡措施下玉米耕层土壤物理化学性状变化, 为解析普通地膜玉米生育后期早衰提供理论参考。试验以陕单609为材料, 基于2年田间试验, 对比分析普通地膜覆盖+膜上覆黑色遮阳网(A)、普通地膜覆盖+膜上覆盖秸秆(B)与普通地膜覆盖(C) 3种模式对农田土壤温度、土壤养分及玉米干物质量积累、产量和水肥利用效率的影响。结果表明: (1)在普通地膜覆盖的基础上添加遮挡物(黑色遮阳网、秸秆)可以有效降低土壤温度和紧实度, 其中玉米生育前期降温效果最为明显。(2)与对照处理C相比, 膜上遮挡降温处理A和处理B玉米生长后期土壤的有机质和全氮、全钾含量均增加, 玉米肥料偏生产力分别提高7.24%和6.97%。(3)降温处理能够延缓玉米生长后期绿叶面积的衰减速率, 提高植株干物质量的积累, 增加玉米粒重。与处理C相比, 降温处理A和处理B的2年平均玉米产量分别较普通地膜覆盖处理提高6.39%和5.93%, 平均水分利用效率分别提高8.17%和7.67%。在西北雨养旱作区, 适当降低普通地膜玉米的膜下温度有助于改善土壤理化性状, 促进玉米籽粒干物质积累和产量形成, 提高肥水利用效率。

关键词: 玉米, 降温措施, 地膜覆盖, 土壤理化性状, 产量

Abstract:

Aiming at the phenomenon of premature senescence of plants under long-term maize plastic film mulching in rainfed and arid regions in Northwest China, adding cooling measures on mulched maize were taken to study the effects of soil temperature change on maize yield formation and analysis the changes of soil physical and chemical properties in topsoil of maize from the perspective of never changing the water conserving function of plastic film, which would provide the theoretical reference for the analysis of the early senescence in the later growth stage of ordinary plastic film maize. This experiment design using Shaandan 609 (SD 609) as tested materials, based on a 2-year field experiment, compared with the effects of three modes, ordinary plastic film mulch + black sunshade net (A), ordinary plastic film mulch + straw (B) and ordinary plastic film mulch (C) on soil temperature, soil nutrients, dry matter mass accumulation yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency in yield. The results were as follows: (1) Adding coverings on plastic film mulching (black sunshade net, straw) can effectively decrease the soil temperature and compactness, especially early stage of maize growth. (2) Compared with the control treatment C, cooling treatment A and treatment B significantly increased the content of organic matter, total nitrogen and total potassium in the later stage of maize growth, and the average partial fertilizer productivity increased by 7.24% and 6.97%, respectively. (3) Cooling treatments can delay the attenuation of green leaf area in the later stage of maize growth, improve the accumulation rate of dry matter and increase the kernel weight of maize. Compared with treatment C, the 2-year average maize yields of cooling treatment A and treatment B were increased by 6.39% and 5.93% and the average water use efficiency by 8.17% and 7.67%, respectively. In rainfed and arid regions in Northwest China, properly reducing the temperature under the film of mulched maize are helpful to improve soil physical and chemical properties, promote the accumulation of dry matter and the formation of yield and improve the high utilization efficiency of fertilizer and water.

Key words: maize, cooling methods, plastic film mulching, soil physical and chemical properties, yield level

图1

2018年和2019年玉米生长期降雨量和日温度"

表1

不同覆盖方式下0~25 cm土层平均温度"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 生育时期 Growth stage
V6 V12 VT R3 R4 R6
2018 A 27.1 b 25.1 b 22.8 b 23.1 b 19.3 b 16.5 b
B 26.0 c 24.7 b 23.0 b 22.7 b 19.5 b 16.7 b
C 29.5 a 26.6 a 24.3 a 24.5 a 22.0 a 19.2 a
2019 A 26.3 b 22.7 b 20.3 b 22.5 b 19.1 b 16.2 b
B 25.9 b 22.3 b 19.9 b 22.7 b 18.6 c 16.0 b
C 28.5 a 25.4 a 21.1 a 24.0 a 20.8 a 18.7 a

表2

不同覆盖方式下各生育期土壤平均紧实度"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 生育时期 Growth stage
V6 V12 VT R3 R4 R6
2018 A 112.5 b 170.6 b 213.0 b 326.5 b 330.7 b 366.2 b
B 109.0 b 175.4 b 206.7 b 316.9 b 333.5 b 354.3 c
C 145.8 a 236.4 a 321.4 a 371.5 a 385.6 a 389.7 a
2019 A 101.8 b 132.4 b 201.3 b 319.7 b 331.2 b 354.6 c
B 103.6 b 134.7 b 210.5 b 321.0 b 327.6 b 374.1 b
C 136.5 a 196.7 a 312.8 a 385.7 a 394.0 a 402.8 a

表3

不同覆盖方式下土壤养分的含量"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 有机质Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total
nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 全磷
Total
phosphorus
(g kg-1)		 全钾
Total
potassium
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available phosphorus (mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available potassium (mg kg-1)
2018 A 16.351 a 0.871 a 0.972 a 14.653 ab 39.733 b 20.568 ab 146.475 b
B 16.251 a 0.858 a 0.998 a 14.956 a 40.268 b 20.348 b 151.160 ab
C 16.167 a 0.873 a 0.982 a 14.274 b 41.433 a 21.802 a 154.421 a
2019 A 16.131 a 0.862 a 0.982 a 14.406 a 40.500 b 19.450 b 139.650 b
B 16.073 a 0.869 a 0.974 a 14.520 a 39.740 b 20.580 ab 145.500 ab
C 15.794 b 0.801 b 0.967 a 13.953 b 42.700 a 21.085 a 149.650 a

图2

不同覆盖方式下玉米单株干物质量积累的变化 缩写和处理同表1。"

图3

不同覆盖方式下玉米单株叶面积的变化 缩写和处理同表1。"

表4

不同覆盖方式下的玉米产量"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 有效穗数
Effective spike
(×104 ear hm-2)		 穗粒数
Kernels per
spike		 千粒重
1000-kernel
weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
2018 A 6.92 a 650.87 a 336.08 a 15145.96 a
B 6.88 a 653.59 a 333.69 a 15010.87 a
C 6.95 a 644.19 a 310.42 b 13903.03 b
2019 A 6.87 a 666.10 a 325.42 a 14902.46 a
B 6.79 a 671.38 a 328.08 a 14962.27 a
C 6.75 a 669.35 a 309.83 b 1410.04 b

图4

不同处理模式的水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力 处理同表1。图中不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异达0.05显著水平。"

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