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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (6): 1526-1536.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13036

所属专题： 玉米：耕作栽培·生理生化

• 研究简报 • 上一篇    下一篇

宜机收籽粒玉米品种冠层结构、光合及灌浆脱水特性

徐田军**(), 张勇**(), 赵久然*(), 王荣焕*(), 吕天放, 刘月娥, 蔡万涛, 刘宏伟, 陈传永, 王元东   

  1. 北京市农林科学院玉米研究中心 / 玉米DNA指纹及分子育种北京市重点实验室, 北京 100097
  • 收稿日期:2021-05-14 接受日期:2021-09-09 出版日期:2022-06-12 网络出版日期:2021-10-19
  • 通讯作者: 赵久然,王荣焕
  • 作者简介:徐田军, E-mail: xtjxtjbb@163.com;
    张勇, E-mail: zhangyongzhangxuan@163.com第一联系人：

    ** 同等贡献

  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0101202);财政部和农业农村部: 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项;北京市农林科学院科技创新能力建设专项(KJCX20180423)

Canopy structure, photosynthesis, grain filling, and dehydration characteristics of maize varieties suitable for grain mechanical harvesting

XU Tian-Jun**(), ZHANG Yong**(), ZHAO Jiu-Ran*(), WANG Rong-Huan*(), LYU Tian-Fang, LIU Yue-E, CAI Wan-Tao, LIU Hong-Wei, CHEN Chuan-Yong, WANG Yuan-Dong   

  1. Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences / Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100097, China
  • Received:2021-05-14 Accepted:2021-09-09 Published:2022-06-12 Published online:2021-10-19
  • Contact: ZHAO Jiu-Ran,WANG Rong-Huan
  • About author:First author contact:

    ** Contributed equally to this work

  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0101202);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA;Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences(KJCX20180423)

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摘要：

以京农科728等24个我国生产大面积推广的玉米品种为研究材料, 比较不同类型玉米品种的冠层结构、光合及灌浆脱水特性差异, 为适宜机收籽粒玉米品种选育和推广提供技术支撑。研究结果表明: (1) 参试玉米品种平均机收产量、籽粒含水率、破碎率和杂质率分别为11,658.78 kg hm-2、24.66%、3.90%和0.83%。其中, 以京2416为父本组配的京农科728等18个适宜机收籽粒玉米品种平均机收产量为11,802.70 kg hm-2, 显著高于郑单958和先玉335, 分别增产7.69%和4.45%; 收获时籽粒含水率均低于28% (平均为24.61%); 破碎率低于5% (平均为3.42%), 均达到国家机收籽粒标准。(2) 以京2416为父本组配的京农科728等18个宜粒收玉米品种穗上茎叶夹角小, 株型紧凑, 冠层平均透光率高, 冠层光分布更合理。(3) 参试品种净光合速率和叶绿素含量平均为34.10 μmol CO2 m -2 s-1和8.91 mg m2, 其中以京2416为父本组配的18个品种净光合速率平均为35.21 μmol CO2 m -2 s-1, 较郑单958和先玉335高19.60%和6.73%; 叶绿素含量平均为9.87 mg m2, 较郑单958和先玉335高61.54%和68.43%。(4) 以京2416为父本组配的18个品种灌浆速率和生理成熟后脱水速率分别平均为0.83 g 100-grain-1 d-1和0.55% d-1, 均显著高于郑单958和先玉335, 表现为较低的收获时籽粒含水率。(5) 相关分析表明, 参试玉米品种产量与净光合速率、灌浆速率呈极显著正相关; 净光合速率与茎叶夹角呈极显著负相关, 与透光率、叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关; 收获时籽粒含水率与破碎率、杂质率和生理成熟时籽粒含水率呈极显著正相关, 与生理成熟后脱水速率呈极显著负相关, 与灌浆速率呈显著负相关。由此可见, 以京2416为父本组配的京农科728等18个玉米品种株型紧凑、冠层透光率高、光合能力强、籽粒灌浆和脱水速率高, 可实现较低的籽粒含水率和较高的机收籽粒质量。

关键词: 机收籽粒玉米品种, 冠层结构, 光合特性, 灌浆脱水特性

Abstract:

To provide technical support for the selection and popularization of corn varieties suitable for mechanized grain harvest, the canopy structure, photosynthetic characteristics, and mechanical harvesting characteristics of different types of maize varieties were compared with 24 maize varieties including Jingnongke 728 produced and widely promoted in China. The results showed that: (1) The average yield, moisture content, broken rate and impurity content at harvest of the tested varieties were 11,658.78 kg hm-2, 24.66%, 3.90%, and 0.83%. The average yield of 18 suitable machine harvesting varieties such as Jingnongke 728 with Jing 2416 as male parent was 11,802.70 kg hm-2, which was significantly higher by 7.69% and 4.45% than those of Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335, respectively. The grain moisture content at harvest was lower than 28% (average 24.61%); The average broken rate was less than 5% (average 3.42%), reaching the national standard of machine harvested grain. (2) 18 maize varieties suitable for grain mechanical harvesting such as Jingnongke 728 with Jing 2416 as male parent had small angle between stem and leaf, compact plant type, high average light transmittance and more reasonable light distribution. (3) The average net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content of the tested maize varieties were 34.10 μmol CO2 m -2 s-1 and 8.91 mg m2. The average net photosynthetic rate of the 18 maize varieties suitable for machine harvesting with Jing 2416 as male parent was 35.21 μmol CO2 m -2 s-1, which was 19.60% and 6.73% higher than Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335. The average chlorophyll content was 9.87 mg m2, which was 61.54% and 68.43% higher than Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335. (4) The average grain filling rate and dehydration rate after physiological maturity of 18 varieties with Jing 2416 as male parent were 0.83 g 100 grain-1 d-1 and 0.55% d-1, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335, showing a lower grain moisture content at harvest. (5) Correlation analysis revealed that the yield of the tested varieties was significantly positively correlated with net photosynthetic rate and grain filling rate. The net photosynthetic rate was negatively correlated with the angle between stem and leaf, and positively correlated with light transmittance and chlorophyll content. Grain moisture content at harvest was significantly positively correlated with breakage rate, impurity content and grain moisture content after physiological maturity, negatively correlated with dehydration rate after physiological maturity, and negatively correlated with grain filling rate. In conclusion, maize varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting under the condition of high planting density should have compact plant type, high canopy light transmittance, strong photosynthetic capacity, high grain filling, and dehydration rate, which could lead to achieve lower grain moisture content and higher yield.

Key words: machine harvested corn variety, canopy structure, photosynthetic characteristics, grain filling and dehydration characteristic

图1

参试品种生育期内气象条件(2020)"

表1

参试玉米品种的名称、亲本及生育期"

品种
Hybrid		 母本
Female parent		 父本
Male parent		 生理成熟期
Physiological maturity#		 收获期
Harvest
period#		 生育期
Growing stage
(d)
京农科728 Jingnongke 728 京MC01 Jing MC01 京2416 Jing 2416 9/17 10/1 99
京农科828 Jingnongke 828 京88 Jing 88 京2416 Jing 2416 9/20 10/4 102
MC121 京72464 Jing 72464 京2416 Jing 2416 9/22 10/6 104
鑫瑞25 Xinrui 25 T12-4 T6 (京2416 Jing 2416) 9/20 10/4 102
现代59 Xiandai 59 XD2458 京2416 Jing 2416 9/27 10/11 109
硕秋518 Shuoqiu 518 京B547 Jing B547 京2416D Jing 2416D 9/18 10/2 100
京科739 Jingke 739 京5846 Jing 5846 京2416 Jing 2416 9/27 10/11 109
京农科736 Jingnongke 736 京58-6 Jing 58-6 京3719-274 Jing 3719-274
(京2416 Jing 2416)		 9/26 10/10 108
MC738 京724 Jing 724 京2416 Jing 2416 9/22 10/6 104
MC812 京B547 Jing B547 京2416 Jing 2416 9/18 10/2 100
京科528 Jingke 528 90110-2 J2437 (京2416 Jing 2416) 9/29 10/13 111
京科389 Jingke 389 MC03 京2416 Jing 2416 10/1 10/15 113
京单68 Jingdan 68 CH8 京2416 Jing 2416 9/27 10/11 109
京单58 Jingdan 58 CH3 京2416 Jing 2416 9/27 10/11 109
京单38 Jingdan 38 京D9B Jing D9B 京2416 Jing 2416 9/28 10/12 110
丰乐303 Fengle 303 京725 Jing 725 京2416 Jing 2416 9/26 10/10 108
NK718 京464 Jing 464 京2416 Jing 2416 9/28 10/12 110
MC565 XD3738 京2416 Jing 2416 9/29 10/13 111
迪卡159 Dika 159 HCL301 F0147Z 9/20 10/4 102
迪卡517 Dika 517 D1798Z HCL645 9/20 10/4 102
先玉023 Xianyu 023 PH12P3 PH12RP 10/1 10/15 113
先玉688 Xianyu 688 PHJEV PHRKB 10/3 10/17 115
郑单958 Zhengdan 958 郑58 Zheng 58 昌7-2 Chang 7-2 10/7 10/21 119
先玉335 Xianyu 335 PH6WC PH4CV 10/4 10/18 116

表2

参试玉米品种的产量及机收质量性状"

品种
Hybrid		 产量
Yield (kg hm-2)		 破碎率
Grain broken rate (%)		 杂质率
Impurity rate (%)
京农科728 Jingnongke 728 11,620.00 fg 2.13 l 0.47 l
京农科828 Jingnongke 828 11,781.65 defg 2.90 hi 0.53 l
MC121 11,573.55 ghi 3.10 hi 0.72 ijk
鑫瑞25 Xinrui 25 11,613.05 gh 2.27 jkl 0.43 l
现代59 Xiandai 59 11,565.90 ghi 2.73 ij 1.11 cd
硕秋518 Shuoqiu 518 11,761.25 efg 2.72 ijk 0.87 fg
京科739 Jingke 739 12,069.25 bcd 3.27 gh 0.71 jk
京农科736 Jingnongke 736 11,902.20 cdef 3.71 fg 0.75 hij
MC738 11,646.45 fg 3.96 ef 1.14 cd
MC812 12,084.55 bc 2.20 kl 0.48 l
京科528 Jingke 528 11,560.95 ghi 4.88 d 1.04 de
京科389 Jingke 389 12,487.65 a 3.74 fg 0.94 ef
京单68 Jingdan 68 12,462.65 a 4.04 ef 0.73 hijk
京单58 Jingdan 58 12,447.20 a 3.90 ef 0.82 ghi
京单38 Jingdan 38 11,963.50 bcde 4.41 de 0.89 fg
丰乐303 Fengle 303 10,805.10 jk 4.02 ef 1.13 cd
NK718 11,588.95 gh 3.24 ghi 1.20 c
MC565 11,514.75 ghi 4.31 e 1.56 a
迪卡159 Dika 159 10,957.70 j 3.29 gh 0.50 l
迪卡517 Dika 517 10,567.70 k 2.81 hi 0.64 k
先玉023 Xianyu 023 11,327.45 hi 7.88 a 0.49 l
先玉688 Xianyu 688 12,249.20 ab 4.89 d 0.50 l
郑单958 Zhengdan 958 10,959.75 j 7.07 b 1.34 b
先玉335 Xianyu 335 11,300.25 i 6.09 c 0.83 gh

表3

参试玉米品种的株高、穗位高及茎叶夹角"

品种
Hybrid		 株高
Plant height (cm)		 穗位高
Ear height (cm)		 穗位系数
Ear ratio (%)		 穗上茎叶夹角
Leaf angle above ear (°)		 穗下茎叶夹角
Leaf angle under ear (°)
京农科728 Jingnongke 728 279.1 bcde 108.2 defg 38.77 cdef 17.59 jk 24.76 ghi
京农科828 Jingnongke 828 289.9 a 107.1 defg 36.94 ef 18.03 ij 26.80 ef
MC121 277.1 cde 105.3 efgh 38.00 cdef 19.87 efg 24.85 ghi
鑫瑞25 Xinrui 25 276.9 cde 108.3 defg 39.11 cde 16.65 kl 25.15 ghi
现代59 Xiandai 59 278.3 bcde 109.3 defg 39.27 cde 18.41 hij 24.36 hi
硕秋518 Shuoqiu 518 276.9 cde 104.7 fgh 37.81 cdef 19.27 ghi 24.88 ghi
京科739 Jingke 739 257.7 g 93.9 i 36.44 f 19.59 fgh 25.69 efgh
京农科736 Jingnongke 736 283.6 ab 107.9 defg 38.05 cdef 17.62 jk 26.86 ef
MC738 290.4 a 110.9 def 38.19 cdef 19.23 ghi 25.71 efgh
MC812 277.5 cde 110.8 def 39.93 c 16.03 l 23.88 i
京科528 Jingke 528 284.2 abc 105.5 efgh 37.12 def 16.10 l 25.63 efgh
京科389 Jingke 389 264.4 fg 102.1 gh 38.62 cdef 20.19 efg 30.41 d
京单68 Jingdan 68 261.5 g 104.0 fgh 39.77 cd 19.08 ghi 27.05 e
京单58 Jingdan 58 264.9 fg 105.4 efgh 39.79 c 19.09 ghi 25.32 fghi
京单38 Jingdan 38 261.6 g 98.1 hi 37.50 cdef 20.96 e 26.30 efg
丰乐303 Fengle 303 270.7 ef 104.8 fgh 38.71 cdef 20.86 ef 27.07 e
NK718 286.8 ab 112.5 cde 39.23 cde 23.27 abc 25.87 efgh
MC565 272.8 ef 98.5 hi 36.11 f 22.86 bc 27.00 e
迪卡159 Dika 159 275.0 de 119.7 bc 43.53 b 24.42 a 38.55 a
迪卡517 Dika 517 261.0 g 126.4 b 48.43 a 22.36 cd 34.30 b
先玉023 Xianyu 023 290.5 a 124.4 b 42.82 b 23.25 abc 26.02 efg
先玉688 Xianyu 688 284.7 abc 113.5 cd 39.87 c 23.23 abc 30.61 d
郑单958 Zhengdan 958 278.2 bcde 141.2 a 50.75 a 21.00 de 29.47 d
先玉335 Xianyu 335 278.5 bcde 122.3 b 43.91 b 24.20 ab 32.59 c

表4

参试玉米品种的冠层透光率"

品种
Hybrid		 透光率Light transmittance (%) 平均值Average
穗下层Under ear layer 穗位层Ear layer 穗上层Above ear layer
京农科728 Jingnongke 728 18.98 a 46.72 a 82.82 a 49.51 a
京农科828 Jingnongke 828 13.86 cde 46.46 ab 77.68 b 46.00 bcd
MC121 15.09 bcd 45.32 bc 73.64 cde 44.68 cde
鑫瑞25 Xinrui 25 16.96 abc 45.58 abc 76.62 bc 46.39 bc
现代59 Xiandai 59 11.13 efg 46.59 ab 71.40 def 43.04 ef
硕秋518 Shuoqiu 518 17.07 abc 46.89 a 81.89 a 48.62 a
京科739 Jingke 739 18.78 a 43.91 de 70.72 efg 44.47 de
京农科736 Jingnongke 736 10.10 fgh 43.09 e 67.26 hij 40.15 gh
MC738 16.47 abc 38.30 g 69.49 fgh 41.42 fg
MC812 17.64 ab 44.34 cde 77.70 b 46.56 b
京科528 Jingke 528 8.21 ghi 37.79 g 73.34 de 39.78 gh
京科389 Jingke 389 9.84 fgh 38.10 g 74.40 cd 40.78 gh
京单68 Jingdan 68 8.17 ghi 36.19 h 65.01 ijk 36.46 ij
京单58 Jingdan 58 11.29 efg 40.48 f 67.35 hi 39.70 gh
京单38 Jingdan 38 8.82 ghi 38.62 g 64.18 jkl 37.21 h
丰乐303 Fengle 303 15.16 bcd 44.85 cd 67.83 ghi 42.61 f
NK718 15.12 bcd 43.58 de 68.99 fgh 42.56 f
MC565 16.11 abcd 31.68 j 69.83 fgh 39.21 i
迪卡159 Dika 159 7.58 hi 23.71 l 57.97 n 29.75 m
迪卡517 Dika 517 9.53 fgh 34.01 i 58.66 mn 34.07 ij
先玉023 Xianyu 023 9.00 ghi 19.61 m 59.60 mn 29.40 m
先玉688 Xianyu 688 5.94 i 28.87 k 61.58 lm 32.13 l
郑单958 Zhengdan 958 12.71 def 27.77 k 64.10 kl 34.86 jk
先玉335 Xianyu 335 7.03 hi 22.86 l 54.29 o 28.06 m

表5

参试玉米品种的籽粒灌浆速率、脱水速率及籽粒含水率"

品种
Hybrid		 生理成熟时籽粒含水率
Grain moisture content at physiological maturity stage (%)		 收获期籽粒含水率
Grain moisture content at harvest stage
(%)		 生理成熟后脱水速率
Grain dehydration rate after physiological maturity stage
(% d-1)		 籽粒灌浆速率
Grain filling rate
(g 100-grain-1 d-1)
京农科728 Jingnongke 728 30.96 def 21.86 j 0.65 a 0.91 a
京农科828 Jingnongke 828 31.73 cdef 23.66 fghi 0.58 bcdef 0.87 ab
MC121 32.39 abcd 24.04 efghi 0.60 abcd 0.86 ab
鑫瑞25 Xinrui 25 31.51 cdef 23.02 hij 0.61 abc 0.86 ab
现代59 Xiandai 59 31.35 cdef 24.21 defghi 0.51 fghi 0.83 bcde
硕秋518 Shuoqiu 518 31.35 cdef 23.09 ghij 0.59 abcde 0.85 abcd
京科739 Jingke 739 31.59 cdef 24.59 cdefgh 0.50 hi 0.82 bcde
京农科736 Jingnongke 736 32.84 abc 24.90 bcdef 0.57 bcdefg 0.88 ab
MC738 32.73 abc 25.85 bcd 0.49 i 0.75 fgh
MC812 31.59 cdef 22.81 hij 0.63 ab 0.86 abc
京科528 Jingke 528 33.50 ab 26.50 b 0.50 hi 0.83 bcde
京科389 Jingke 389 32.23 abcd 24.81 bcdefg 0.53 defghi 0.79 def
京单68 Jingdan 68 32.89 abc 25.19 bcdef 0.55 cdefghi 0.80 cdef
京单58 Jingdan 58 33.55 ab 25.71 bcde 0.56 cdefgh 0.86 ab
京单38 Jingdan 38 33.84 a 26.28 bc 0.54 defghi 0.78 efg
丰乐303 Fengle 303 32.54 abcd 25.07 bcdef 0.53 efghi 0.75 fgh
NK718 31.55 cdef 25.67 bcde 0.42 j 0.82 bcde
MC565 32.94 abc 25.80 bcde 0.51 ghi 0.72 hi
迪卡159 Dika 159 32.12 abcde 24.19 defghi 0.57 bcdefg 0.69 hi
迪卡517 Dika 517 30.43 ef 22.63 ij 0.56 cdefgh 0.68 i
先玉023 Xianyu 023 30.21 f 22.65 ij 0.54 defghi 0.69 hi
先玉688 Xianyu 688 31.87 bcdef 24.45 defgh 0.53 efghi 0.72 ghi
郑单958 Zhengdan 958 33.60 ab 29.21 a 0.31 k 0.56 j
先玉335 Xianyu 335 32.61 abcd 25.55 bcde 0.50 hi 0.68 i

表6

参试玉米品种的叶绿素含量、光合速率和蒸腾速率"

品种
Hybrid		 叶绿素含量
Chlorophyll content (mg m2)		 净光合速率
Net photosynthetic rate
(μmol CO2 m-2 s-1)		 蒸腾速率
Transpiration rate
(mmol m-2 s-1)		 叶片水分利用效率
Leaf water use efficiency (μmol mmol-1)
京农科728 Jingnongke 728 9.99 abc 37.27 bc 5.03 abc 7.41 bcde
京农科828 Jingnongke 828 10.01 abc 36.46 cd 5.21 abc 6.99 bcdef
MC121 10.09 abc 36.94 bc 5.44 ab 6.79 cdefg
鑫瑞25 Xinrui 25 10.34 ab 34.86 fg 4.41 abc 7.91 abcd
品种
Hybrid		 叶绿素含量
Chlorophyll content (mg m2)		 净光合速率
Net photosynthetic rate
(μmol CO2 m-2 s-1)		 蒸腾速率
Transpiration rate
(mmol m-2 s-1)		 叶片水分利用效率
Leaf water use efficiency (μmol mmol-1)
现代59 Xiandai 59 9.22 bc 33.99 ghi 5.77 a 5.89 efghi
硕秋518 Shuoqiu 518 10.02 abc 35.28 ef 5.87 a 6.01 efgh
京科739 Jingke 739 10.52 a 38.56 a 6.05 a 6.37 defgh
京农科736 Jingnongke 736 9.89 abc 37.52 b 5.70 a 6.58 cdefg
MC738 8.87 c 34.43 fgh 5.47 ab 6.29 defgh
MC812 10.21 ab 33.94 ghi 5.71 a 5.94 efghi
京科528 Jingke 528 10.03 abc 35.16 ef 5.23 abc 6.72 cdefg
京科389 Jingke 389 10.22 ab 35.90 de 5.80 a 6.19 defgh
京单68 Jingdan 68 9.98 abc 36.89 bcd 4.49 abc 8.22 abc
京单58 Jingdan 58 10.02 abc 36.84 bcd 3.86 bc 9.56 a
京单38 Jingdan 38 9.45 abc 32.70 jk 3.76 bc 8.70 ab
丰乐303 Fengle 303 9.23 abc 31.32 lm 3.61 c 8.68 ab
NK718 9.87 abc 33.75 hi 5.25 abc 6.43 defgh
MC565 9.62 abc 32.04 kl 4.43 abc 7.24 bcdef
迪卡159 Dika 159 6.12 d 31.00 m 5.95 a 5.21 ghi
迪卡517 Dika 517 6.32 d 32.47 jk 5.66 a 5.74 efghi
先玉023 Xianyu 023 6.02 d 25.54 o 6.07 a 4.21 i
先玉688 Xianyu 688 5.87 d 33.13 ij 5.74 a 5.78 efghi
郑单958 Zhengdan 958 6.11 d 29.44 n 6.14 a 4.80 hi
先玉335 Xianyu 335 5.86 d 32.99 ijk 5.96 a 5.53 fghi

图2

参试品种各指标的相关性分析 LA: 茎叶夹角; LT: 透光率; CC: 叶绿素含量; PN: 净光合速率; TR: 蒸腾速率; WUE: 叶片水分利用效率; YD: 产量; GMH: 收获时籽粒含水率; BR: 破碎率; IR: 杂质率; GMPM: 生理成熟后籽粒含水率; GDR: 生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率; GFR: 灌浆速率。"

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