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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (6): 1175-1187.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04148

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

糜子/绿豆间作模式下施氮量对绿豆叶片光合特性及产量的影响

党科(), 宫香伟, 吕思明, 赵冠, 田礼欣, 靳飞, 杨璞, 冯佰利*(), 高小丽*()   

  1. 西北农林科技大学农学院/旱区作物逆境生物学国家重点实验室/农业农村部作物基因资源与种质创制陕西科学观测试验站, 陕西杨凌 712100
  • 收稿日期:2020-07-06 接受日期:2020-12-01 出版日期:2021-06-12 网络出版日期:2020-12-28
  • 通讯作者: 冯佰利,高小丽
  • 作者简介:E-mail:dangke4718@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    陕西省重点研发计划项目(2018TSCXL-NY-03-01);陕西省省级现代农作物种业项目(20171010000004);陕西省小杂粮产业技术体系项目(2009-2019)

Effects of nitrogen application rate on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of mung bean under the proso millet and mung bean intercropping

DANG Ke(), GONG Xiang-Wei, LYU Si-Ming, ZHAO Guan, TIAN Li-Xin, JIN Fei, YANG Pu, FENG Bai-Li*(), GAO Xiao-Li*()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2020-07-06 Accepted:2020-12-01 Published:2021-06-12 Published online:2020-12-28
  • Contact: FENG Bai-Li,GAO Xiao-Li
  • Supported by:
    The Shaanxi Province Key Research and Development Project(2018TSCXL-NY-03-01);The Shaanxi Province Modern Crops Seed Industry Project(20171010000004);The Minor Grain Crops Research and Development System of Shaanxi Province(2009-2019)

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摘要：

探讨施氮量对间作条件下绿豆叶片光合特性、氮素特征及产量的影响, 以期为西北旱区糜子//绿豆间作模式的合理施氮提供理论依据。试验于2018—2019年在陕西榆林采用裂区设计, 主处理设糜子间作绿豆(PM)、绿豆单作(SM)2种种植模式, 副处理设0 (N0)、45 (N1)、90 (N2)和135 kg hm-2 (N3) 4个氮肥水平。结果表明, 施氮处理下间作绿豆叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)比不施氮平均增加10.5%~24.5%、15.2%~29.5%, 提高了叶片光合特性; PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)平均增加2.9%~7.8%、11.7%~28.4%, PSII非光化学淬灭系数(non-photochemical quenching coefficient, NPQ)降低10.3%~17.4%, 叶片叶绿素荧光参数得到改善, 对弱光的截获和利用能力提高, 叶片PSII反应中心活性增强。单株叶面积、单位干质量叶片氮含量(Nmass)和单位面积氮含量(Narea)均随施氮量增加表现为先升高后降低的趋势; Chl a、Chl b含量增加, 光合氮利用效率(photosynthetic N-use efficiency, PNUE)则比不施氮有所降低; 不同施氮量均显著增加间作绿豆干物质积累量和荚数, 百粒重2年平均分别比不施氮增加1.1%~6.9%, 产量增加9.3%~19.7%。2年试验间作各处理土地当量比(land equivalent ratio, LER)为1.63~2.07, 表现为间作产量优势。由此可知, 施氮可改善间作绿豆叶片光合物质生产能力, 延缓衰老, 有效调节了光合系统对遮阴的适应性反应, 且间作叶片光合性能对氮肥的响应要大于单作。糜子/绿豆间作模式LER大于1, 可作为西北旱作农业区推广种植模式, 在90 kg hm-2施氮量下间作绿豆叶片光合特性表现最好, 产量最高, LER最大, 是其适宜施氮水平。

关键词: 绿豆, 氮肥, 间作, 光合特性, 光合氮利用效率, 产量

Abstract:

To explore the effect of nitrogen (N) on the leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, nitrogen characteristics and yield of mung bean under intercropping with proso millet, the field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 using split-plot design with two cropping patterns [proso millet-mung bean intercropping (PM) and soled mung bean (SM)] and four total N fertilizer application rates [0 (N0), 45 (N1), 90 (N2), and 135 kg hm-2(N3)]. Under N application, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) of mung bean in intercropping increased by 10.5%-24.5% and 15.2%-29.5% on average, which improved the photosynthetic characteristics. Maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII) increased by 2.9%-7.8% and 11.7%-28.4%, respectively, and PSII non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) decreased by 10.3%-17.4%. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were improved, resulting in enhancing the ability to capture and utilize light energy, and the activity of PSII reaction center was enhanced. Leaf area per plant, N content per unit dry mass of leaves (Nmass) and N content per unit area (Narea) increased first and then decreased with the increase of N application rate. The content of Chl a and Chl b increased. Photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PNUE) decreased compared with N0. N application significantly increased the dry matter accumulation and pods of mung bean in intercropping. Under the treatment of N1, N2, and N3, 100-grain weight and yield were increased by 1.1%-6.9% and 9.3%-19.7%, respectively. In the two-year trial intercropping, the land equivalent ratio of each treatment was 1.63-2.07, indicating the yield advantage of intercropping. N application could improve the photosynthetic production capacity of mung bean in intercropping and effectively regulate the adaptive response of photosynthetic system to shading. The response of photosynthetic performance of intercropping to N fertilizer was greater than that of single-plant systems. Under the conditions of this experiment, the proso millet and mung bean intercropping model can increase land productivity, and it can be used as a planting model to promote dry farming in northwestern China. The intercropping mung bean had the best photosynthetic characteristics at 90 kg hm-2, which showed the highest yield, and the largest land equivalent ratio.

Key words: mung bean, nitrogen fertilizer, intercropping, photosynthetic characters, photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency, yield

图1

试验地2018-2019年作物生育期内日平均降水量和温度"

图2

氮水平对间作绿豆气体交换参数的影响 柱上不同小写字母代表在同一间作模式下各施氮水平在0.05水平差异显著。SM: 单作绿豆; PM: 间作绿豆。N0: 氮肥施用量0 kg hm-2; N1: 氮肥施用量45 kg hm-2; N2: 氮肥施用量90 kg hm-2; N3: 氮肥施用量135 kg hm-2。Pn: 净光合速率; Ci: 胞间二氧化碳浓度; Tr: 蒸腾速率; WUE: 水分利用效率。"

图3

氮水平对间作绿豆叶绿素荧光参数的影响 处理同图2。柱上不同小写字母代表在同一间作模式下各施氮水平在0.05水平差异显著。Fv/Fm: 最大光化学效率; ΦPSII: 实际光化学效率; NPQ: 非光化学淬灭系数。"

图4

氮水平对间作绿豆叶绿素光合色素含量的影响 处理同图2。柱上不同小写字母代表在同一间作模式下各施氮水平在0.05水平差异显著。"

图5

氮水平对间作绿豆叶绿素a/b的影响 处理同图2。柱上不同小写字母代表在同一间作模式下各施氮水平在0.05水平差异显著。"

表1

氮水平对间作绿豆叶片氮素特征的影响"

种植模式
Planting
pattern		 氮水平
N level
(kg hm-2)		 单株叶面积
Leaf area per plant (cm2)		 比叶质量
LMA
(g m-2)		 单位干物质量氮含量
Nmass
(g kg-1)		 单位面积氮含量
Narea
(mg cm-2)		 光合氮利用效率
PNUE
(CO2 μmol g-1 s-1)
SM N0 3178.9±310.2 a 51.33±5.05 b 24.51±0.21 b 0.13±0.01 b 14.43±1.51 a
N1 3706.3±112.4 a 60.83±1.82 ab 27.77±0.57 a 0.17±0.00 a 13.60±0.34 a
N2 3608.4±470.9 a 66.73±8.42 a 28.11±1.12 a 0.20±0.02 a 11.25±0.98 b
N3 3400.4±188.3 a 67.10±3.62 a 26.67±1.32 a 0.18±0.02 a 10.66±0.95 b
PM N0 2308.5±200.8 c 57.59±4.80 a 20.01±1.08 b 0.12±0.01 a 13.97±0.84 a
N1 2658.9±222.3 b 55.31±4.86 a 25.64±0.20 a 0.14±0.01 a 12.73±0.65 a
N2 3019.6±121.4 a 54.04±2.15 a 25.00±0.59 a 0.14±0.00 a 13.81±0.85 a
N3 2913.0±174.7 ab 56.76±3.31 a 21.61±2.16 b 0.12±0.02 a 13.55±2.90 a
变异来源Variation source
种植模式Planting pattern (P) ** * ** ** NS
氮水平N level (N) * NS ** ** *
种植模式×氮水平 P×N NS * NS ** *

图6

氮水平对间作绿豆干物质积累量的影响 处理同图2。柱上不同小写字母代表在同一间作模式下各施氮水平在0.05水平差异显著。"

表2

氮水平对间作绿豆农艺性状的影响"

年份
Year		 种植模式
Planting
pattern		 氮水平
N level
(kg hm-2)		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 茎粗
Stem diameter
(mm)		 主茎节数
Nodes of
main stem		 主茎分枝数
Branches of
main stem		 单株荚数
Pods per
plant
2018 SM N0 60.40±6.15 a 7.58±1.25 a 9.80±0.84 a 5.00±0.00 c 52.80±2.77 c
N1 65.40±7.81 a 7.77±0.44 a 10.40±1.34 a 5.80±1.10 bc 68.40±6.47 a
N2 65.60±4.97 a 8.44±1.08 a 10.40±0.89 a 6.40±0.55 ab 67.60±1.41 a
N3 63.00±4.62 a 8.76±0.87 a 9.20±1.30 a 7.00±0.00 a 57.60±5.57 b
PM N0 61.80±6.35 b 7.32±0.64 a 9.40±0.55 a 5.00±1.00 a 30.00±4.82 c
N1 68.20±8.44 a 7.94±0.91 a 10.60±0.89 a 5.20±0.45 a 41.40±4.16 b
N2 68.80±2.83 a 8.07±0.55 a 9.6±0.89 a 5.20±0.45 a 48.62±2.09 a
N3 71.40±3.65 a 7.83±0.81 a 10.8±0.84 a 5.80±0.45 a 47.68±2.25 a
2019 SM N0 63.86±4.01 a 7.79±0.43 a 10.20±0.71 a 5.60±0.45 a 48.20±5.85 c
N1 64.60±4.93 a 7.99±0.83 a 11.00±0.71 a 5.60±1.10 a 68.60±1.48 a
N2 67.20±1.73 a 8.63±0.91 a 11.00±0.89 a 6.80±0.45 a 63.00±6.15 ab
N3 68.64±1.86 a 8.48±0.26 a 11.60±1.14 a 7.00±0.00 a 56.40±2.31 b
PM N0 55.08±4.16 c 6.92±0.45 a 9.40±1.22 a 5.00±0.00 a 25.40±5.12 b
N1 66.20±3.10 b 7.81±0.47 a 10.80±0.84 a 5.00±0.71 a 39.00±5.61 a
年份
Year		 种植模式
Planting
pattern		 氮水平
N level
(kg hm-2)		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 茎粗
Stem diameter
(mm)		 主茎节数
Nodes of
main stem		 主茎分枝数
Branches of
main stem		 单株荚数
Pods per
plant
2019 N2 75.18±2.27 a 7.58±0.65 a 10.00±1.14 a 5.00±0.00 a 47.40±1.34 a
N3 73.08±3.79 a 7.93±0.50 a 9.40±1.10 a 5.00±0.00 a 46.80±2.19 a
变异来源Variation source
年份Year (Y) NS NS NS NS *
种植模式Planting pattern (P) * * NS ** **
氮水平N level (N) ** NS NS ** **
年份×种植模式Y×P NS NS * NS NS
年份×氮水平Y×N NS NS NS NS NS
种植模式×氮水平P×N ** NS NS * **
年份×种植模式×氮水平Y×P×N NS NS NS NS NS

表3

氮水平对糜子和绿豆产量的影响"

年份
Year		 种植模式
Planting pattern		 氮水平
N level
(kg hm-2)		 百粒重
100-grain weight
(g)		 绿豆产量
Mung bean grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 糜子产量
Proso millet grain yield (kg hm-2)		 土地当量比
Land equivalent ratio
2018 SM N0 5.53±0.21 b 1069.3±114.2 b 4067.8±287.6 c —
N1 5.67±0.29 ab 1297.8±71.6 a 4400.8±287.1 c —
N2 5.83±0.14 a 1168.8±98.4 ab 4911.4±321.4 b —
N3 5.65±0.19 ab 1137.5±96.7 b 5631.6±206.7 a —
PM N0 5.22±0.07 b 806.0±27.7 c 4240.2±152.5 c 1.81±0.14 b
N1 5.61±0.35 a 853.7±23.7 b 5286.4±283.1 b 1.86±0.02 b
N2 5.35±0.14 b 905.0±45.0 a 6331.8±386.2 a 2.07±0.14 a
N3 5.28±0.19 b 812.0±11.8 bc 5120.1±354.1 b 1.63±0.07 c
2019 SM N0 5.97±0.09 b 1198.7±69.8 b 4259.4±382.0 d —
N1 6.30±0.20 a 1350.5±35.1 a 4737.5±99.5 c —
N2 6.33±0.14 a 1315.5±58.0 a 5196.9±168.8 b —
年份
Year		 种植模式
Planting pattern		 氮水平
N level
(kg hm-2)		 百粒重
100-grain weight
(g)		 绿豆产量
Mung bean grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 糜子产量
Proso millet grain yield (kg hm-2)		 土地当量比
Land equivalent ratio
2019 N3 6.04±0.22 b 1217.6±63.2 b 5646.9±234.1 a —
PM N0 5.75±0.15 b 768.5±27.9 c 5043.8±241.0 d 1.84±0.18 a
N1 6.11±0.19 a 867.7±41.9 b 5656.3±215.4 c 1.84±0.05 a
N2 6.12±0.15 a 979.8±34.8 a 6531.3±403.3 a 2.00±0.08 a
N3 5.81±0.22 b 937.9±57.1 a 6075.0±84.2 b 1.85±0.09 a
变异来源Variation source
年份Year (Y) ** ** ** *
种植模式Planting pattern (P) ** ** ** —
氮水平N level (N) ** ** ** NS
年份×种植模式Y×P NS NS ** —
年份×氮水平Y×N * NS NS NS
种植模式×氮水平P×N * ** ** —
年份×种植模式×氮水平Y×P×N NS NS * —

图7

叶片光合特性及氮素利用特征与产量之间的相关性分析 SM: 单作绿豆; PM: 间作绿豆。*: 在0.05水平显著相关; **: 在0.01水平显著相关。"

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