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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (10): 1485-1495.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01485

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作系统土壤氮素氨化、硝化及固氮作用的影响

雍太文1,陈平1,刘小明1,2,周丽1,3,宋春4,王小春1,杨峰1,刘卫国1,杨文钰1,*()   

  1. 1四川农业大学农学院 / 农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室 / 四川省作物带状复合种植工程技术研究中心, 四川成都 611130
    2射洪县农业局, 四川遂宁 629200
    3宜宾市农业科学院, 四川宜宾 644000
    4四川农业大学环境学院, 四川成都 611130
  • 收稿日期:2017-12-15 接受日期:2018-07-20 出版日期:2018-10-10 网络出版日期:2018-07-30
  • 通讯作者: 杨文钰
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重大研发计划项目(2016YFD0300202);国家自然科学基金项目(31271669);国家自然科学基金项目(31671625)

Effects of Reduced Nitrogen on Soil Ammonification, Nitrification, and Nitrogen Fixation in Maize-soybean Relay Intercropping Systems

Tai-Wen YONG1,Ping CHEN1,Xiao-Ming LIU1,2,Li ZHOU1,3,Chun SONG4,Xiao-Chun WANG1,Feng YANG1,Wei-Guo LIU1,Wen-Yu YANG1,*()   

  1. 1 College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture/ Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
    2 Shehong Bureau of Agriculture, Suining 629200, Sichuan, China
    3 Yibin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yibin 644000, Sichuan, China
    4 College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2017-12-15 Accepted:2018-07-20 Published:2018-10-10 Published online:2018-07-30
  • Contact: Wen-Yu YANG
  • Supported by:
    The study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300202);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31271669);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31671625)

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摘要：

土壤氮素氨化、硝化及固氮作用是影响作物氮素吸收及氮肥损失的主要因素, 为揭示氮肥减量下玉米-大豆套作系统的土壤氮素转化特性及排放规律, 利用大田定位试验研究了3种模式(玉米单作MM、大豆单作MS、玉米-大豆套作IMS)和3种施氮水平(不施氮NN: 0; 减量施氮RN: 180 kg hm -2; 常量施氮CN: 240 kg hm -2)对土壤硝化作用、氨化作用、固氮作用及氨挥发、N2O排放、NO3 --N累积的影响。结果表明, IMS较相应单作提高了土壤硝化和氨化作用, IMS的氨挥发损失率和N2O损失率较MM降低21.6%和29.7%; IMS下玉米土壤的NO3 --N积累量显著高于MM, 而大豆土壤的NO3 --N积累量显著低于MS。各施氮处理间, RN较CN降低了玉米土壤的氨化与硝化作用, 增加了大豆土壤的硝化和固氮作用。IMS下RN的玉米、大豆全生育期固氮作用较CN增加29.7%和32.0%, 年均氨挥发总量和N2O排放量较CN降低37.2%和41.0%。玉米-大豆套作系统在减量施氮下通过提高土壤氮素氨化、硝化与固氮作用, 减少氮素排放损失, 增强耕层土壤NO3 --N积累, 为作物氮素吸收提供了充足氮源。

关键词: 玉米-大豆套作, 减氮, 土壤氮素循环, 氮排放, 氮残留

Abstract:

The ammonification, nitrification, and nitrogen fixation processes of soil are the main factors affecting nitrogen acquisition by plants and nitrogen loss in soil. A field experiment was conducted to reveal the characteristics of soil nitrogen transformation and emission with reduced nitrogen application in the maize-soybean relay intercropping. The effects of three planting patterns (MM: maize monoculture; MS: soybean monoculture; IMS: maize-soybean relay strip intercropping) and three nitrogen application rates (no nitrogen, NN: 0; reduced nitrogen, RN: reduced N 180 kg ha -1; conventional nitrogen, CN: conventional N 240 kg ha -1) on ammonification, nitrification, nitrogen fixation, N emission, and NO3 --N accumulation were assessed. The IMS enhanced soil nitrification and ammonification enhanced in IMS compared with the corresponding monocultures. The ammonia volatilization and N2O loss ratio were decreased by 21.6% and 29.7% in IMS compared with those in MM, respectively. Additionally, compared with the corresponding monocultures, IMS had significantly higher soil NO3 --N accumulation of maize, while that of soybean significantly lower. Under different N levels, the soil ammonification and nitrification of maize were decreased in RN compared with those in CN, and the soil nitrification and nitrogen fixation of soybean were increased in RN compared with those in CN. The total nitrogen fixation of maize and soybean in IMS was increased by 29.7% and 32.0% in RN compared with those in CN, respectively. In addition, the annual soil ammonia volatilization and N2O emission of IMS were decreased by 37.2% and 41.0% in RN compared with those in CN, respectively. In summary, the maize-soybean relay intercropping with reduced nitrogen can provide sufficient nitrogen for crops by strengthening soil ammonification, nitrification, nitrogen fixation, and increasing soil nitrogen residual and decreasing nitrogen emissions.

Key words: maize-soybean relay intercropping, reduced nitrogen, nitrogen cycle, nitrogen emission, residual nitrogen

表1

不同种植方式下的氮肥施用量"

种植模式
Planting patterns		 施氮处理
N application		 施氮总量
Total N application rate		 底肥
Base fertilizer		 追肥
Top fertilizer
玉米单作
MM		 减量施氮RN 135 72 63
常量施氮CN 180 72 108
大豆单作
MS		 减量施氮RN 45 45 0
常量施氮CN 60 60 0
玉米-大豆套作
IMS		 减量施氮RN 180 72 108
常量施氮CN 240 72 168

图1

作物种植模式及土壤取样布局示意图 A为玉米-大豆套作; B为玉米单作; C为大豆单作。"

图2

不同种植与施氮方式下土壤硝化作用强度(仁寿大田, 2013) A: 玉米土壤。MMNN: 单作玉米不施氮; MMRN: 单作玉米减量施氮; MMCN: 单作玉米常规施氮; IMNN: 套作玉米不施氮; IMRN: 套作玉米减量施氮; IMCN: 套作玉米常规施氮。B: 大豆土壤。MSNN: 单作大豆不施氮; MSRN: 单作大豆减量施氮; MSCN: 单作大豆常规施氮; ISNN: 套作大豆不施氮; ISRN: 套作大豆减量施氮; ISCN: 套作大豆常规施氮。 横坐标轴为生育时期, 玉米生育时期分别为拔节期(V6)、大喇叭口期(V12)、抽雄吐丝期(VT)和成熟期(R6), 大豆生育时期分别为五节期(V5)、盛花期(R2)、结荚期(R4)、鼓粒期(R6)和成熟期(R8)。同一生育时期下, 相同种植模式不同氮水平间字母不同表明差异显著(LSD, P < 0.05)。"

图3

不同种植与施氮方式下土壤氨化作用强度(仁寿大田, 2013) A: 玉米土壤; B: 大豆土壤。缩写同图2。缩写同图2。同一生育时期下, 相同种植模式不同氮水平间字母不同表明差异显著(LSD, P < 0.05)。"

图4

不同种植与施氮方式下土壤固氮作用强度(仁寿大田, 2013) A: 玉米土壤; B: 大豆土壤。缩写同图2。同一生育时期下, 相同种植模式不同氮水平间字母不同表明差异显著(LSD, P < 0.05)。"

图5

不同种植模式下不同施氮量的氨挥发累积量(仁寿大田, 2013) MM: 玉米单作; MS: 大豆单作; IMS: 玉米-大豆套作。NN: 不施氮; RN: 减量施氮; CN: 常规施氮。同一种植模式下不同字母标记表明不同氮水平处理间差异显著(LSD, P < 0.05)。"

图6

不同种植模式下不同施氮量的氨挥发损失率(仁寿大田, 2013) MM: 玉米单作; MS: 大豆单作; IMS: 玉米-大豆套作。RN: 减量施氮; CN: 常规施氮。同一种植模式下不同字母标记表明不同氮水平处理间差异显著(LSD, P < 0.05)。"

图7

不同种植模式和施氮量下土壤N2O排放特征(仁寿大田, 2013) A: N2O排放量; B: N2O损失率。MM: 玉米单作; MS: 大豆单作; IMS: 玉米-大豆套作。NN: 不施氮; RN: 减量施氮; CN: 常规施氮。同一种植模式下不同字母标记表明不同氮水平处理间差异显著(LSD, P < 0.05)。"

图8

不同种植方式下的玉米土壤NO3--N累积量(雅安池栽) MMNN: 单作玉米不施氮; MMRN: 单作玉米减量施氮; IMNN: 套作玉米不施氮; IMRN: 套作玉米减量施氮。同一取样区间下, 相同种植模式不同氮水平间字母不同表明差异显著(LSD, P < 0.05)。"

图9

不同种植方式下的大豆土壤NO3--N累积量(雅安池栽) MSNN: 单作大豆不施氮; MSRN: 单作大豆减量施氮; ISNN: 套作大豆不施氮; ISRN: 套作大豆减量施氮。同一取样区间下, 相同种植模式不同氮水平间字母不同表明差异显著(LSD, P < 0.05)。"

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