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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (2): 410-422.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.02093

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

淮北地区麦茬机插优质食味粳稻氮肥减量的精确运筹

张军1,2(), 周冬冬1, 许轲2,*(), 李必忠1, 刘忠红1, 周年兵2, 方书亮1, 张永进1, 汤洁3, 安礼政3   

  1. 1江苏省淮安市农业技术推广中心, 江苏淮安 223001
    2扬州大学 / 农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心 / 江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室, 江苏扬州 225009
    3江苏省淮安市气象局, 江苏淮安 223001
  • 收稿日期:2020-12-29 接受日期:2021-06-16 出版日期:2022-02-12 网络出版日期:2021-07-20
  • 通讯作者: 许轲
  • 作者简介:E-mail: zhangjun19831120@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300503);江苏现代农业产业技术体系建设项目(JATS(2018)110);江苏现代农业产业技术体系建设项目(ATS(2019)187);江苏现代农业产业技术体系建设项目(JATS(2020)177);江苏省333工程资助项目(BRA2019218);淮安市“533英才工程”科研项目资助(HAA201757)

Nitrogen fertilizer reduction and precise application model on mechanical transplanting japonica rice with good taste quality under straw returning in Huaibei Area

ZHANG Jun1,2(), ZHOU Dong-Dong1, XU Ke2,*(), LI Bi-Zhong1, LIU Zhong-Hong1, ZHOU Nian-Bing2, FANG Shu-Liang1, ZHANG Yong-Jin1, TANG Jie3, AN Li-Zheng3   

  1. 1Huai’an Agricultural Technology Promotion Center, Huai’an 223001, Jiangsu, China;
    2College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University / Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
    3Huai’an Meteorological Administration, Huai’an 223001, Jiangsu, China;
  • Received:2020-12-29 Accepted:2021-06-16 Published:2022-02-12 Published online:2021-07-20
  • Contact: XU Ke
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300503);the Agriculture Research System of Jiangsu Province(JATS(2018)110);the Agriculture Research System of Jiangsu Province(ATS(2019)187);the Agriculture Research System of Jiangsu Province(JATS(2020)177);the “333” Project of Jiangsu Province(BRA2019218);the “533” Research Program of Huai’an(HAA201757)

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摘要：

当前“减氮”成为优质食味粳稻种植措施之一, 但减氮后的氮肥科学运筹方案尚不够明确, 需进一步研究。2018—2019年, 选用优质食味粳稻品种‘南粳505’和‘南粳2728’为材料, 前茬麦秸秆全量还田, 采用机插方式, 在总施氮量较当地常规施氮量减少20%条件下, 设置基蘖肥和穗肥比例分别为5∶5、6∶4、7∶3和8∶2四种氮肥运筹比例, 研究了淮北地区麦茬机插优质食味粳稻氮肥减量精确运筹。结果表明, 随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例增加, 产量呈先增后降趋势, 7∶3处理产量最高, 2年达11,134.80~11,280.19 kg hm -2, 较CK增产1.23%~2.54%, 但差异不显著; 7∶3处理群体高产, 在于能获得充足的群体颖花量、较高的结实率和千粒重。随着基蘖肥比例增加, 有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期群体干物质积累量呈增加趋势; 抽穗期、成熟期、抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量、最终氮素积累量及氮素利用率, 呈先增后降趋势, 均以7∶3处理最高。与常规施氮处理相比, 减氮处理通过增加前期施氮肥比例(7∶3), 能确保群体后期获得较高的干物质积累量; 成熟期氮素积累量较小, 但显著提升了氮素吸收利用率, 较CK高14.10%~15.48%, 差异显著。减氮后增加基蘖肥比例使优质食味粳稻加工品质变劣, 外观品质变优, 蒸煮食味品质改善, RVA谱优化。在麦秸秆全量还田条件下, 较常规施肥减氮20%, 基蘖肥与穗肥运筹7∶3处理优质食味粳稻产量稳定, 大幅提升氮素吸收利用率, 改善稻米外观和食味品质, 在一定程度上实现了优质食味粳稻的高产、优质、高效的综合种植目标。

关键词: 减氮, 氮肥运筹, 优质食味粳稻, 产量, 品质, 氮素吸收利用

Abstract:

At present, “nitrogen reduction” has become one of the planting measures for good eating quality japonica rice, but the scientific management plan of nitrogen fertilizer after nitrogen reduction is unclear and further studies are needed. From 2018 to 2019, good eating quality japonica rice varieties including Nanjing 505 and Nanjing 2728 were planted as materials, and four ratios of basic and tillering to panicle fertilizer including 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, and 8:2 were arranged with nitrogen application 20% less than conventional nitrogen application (CK) for mechanical transplanting rice under wheat straw returning. Yield, rice quality, and nitrogen utilization were investigated to determine the effects under nitrogen reduction for good eating quality japonica rice. The results were as follows: With the increase of the proportion of the basic and tillering fertilizer in the total nitrogen application, the yield increased first and then decreased. The 7:3 treatment had the highest yield, reaching 11,134.80-11,280.19 kg hm -2 for two years. Compared with CK, the yield increased by 1.23%-2.54% and there was no significant difference. The 7:3 treatment group could obtain sufficient population spikelet, higher seed-setting rate, and 1000-grain weight. With the increase of the proportion of nitrogen application in the previous period, the dry matter weight of the population at (N-n) stage and jointing stage displayed an increasing trend, while the dry matter weight at heading stage and maturity stage, the dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity, the final nitrogen accumulation and the nitrogen efficiency increased first and then decreased, and reached a peak in the 7:3 treatment. Compared with CK, nitrogen reduction treatment could ensure higher dry matter accumulation of the population at the later stage by increasing the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer application (7:3) at the early stage, which significantly improved nitrogen absorption and nitrogen use efficiency of the population by 14.10%-15.48%, and significantly higher than CK. For eating quality of japonica rice under nitrogen reduction, the processing quality deteriorated with the increase proportion of basic and tillering nitrogen, the appearance quality became better, the cooking and eating quality improved, and rice RVA profile was optimized. Under the condition of the whole wheat straw to the field, nitrogen was reduced by 20% compared with conventional fertilization. To achieve the comprehensive planting goal of high-yield, high-quality, and high-efficiency for good eating quality rice to a certain extent, nitrogen application with the ratio of basic and tillering fertilizer to panicle fertilizer 7:3 could stabilize or slightly increase the yield of good eating quality japonica rice, greatly increase nitrogen use efficiency, and improve the appearance and taste quality in rice.

Key words: nitrogen reduction, nitrogen fertilizer management, high-quality edible japonica rice, yield, quality, nitrogen absorption and utilization

表1

水稻生长期间月平均温度、日照时数及降雨量"

月份
Month		 温度Temperature (℃) 日照时数Sunshine hours (h) 降雨量 Precipitation (mm)
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
5月 May 20.4 20.4 132.9 181.6 181.1 19.8
6月 June 25.1 25.3 185.4 182.0 132.6 88.0
7月 July 28.0 27.4 201.0 174.0 197.6 99.9
8月 August 28.1 26.3 179.0 200.3 210.7 257.8
9月 September 22.5 22.2 163.8 189.0 33.4 26.1
10月 October 15.5 16.4 194.9 149.7 1.4 14.3
11月 November 10.5 11.2 98.0 161.2 67.7 16.2

表2

氮肥减量运筹对麦茬机插优质食味粳稻产量及构成的影响"

年份
Year		 品种
Cultivar		 基蘖肥:穗肥
B:P		 穗数
Panicle
(×104 hm-2)		 每穗粒数
Grains per
panicle		 群体颖花量
Population spikelet (×104 hm-2)		 结实率
Filled-grain
percentage (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)		 实际产量
Actual yield
(kg hm-2)
2018 南粳505
Nanjing 505		 0 212.55 d 111.28 c 23,652.56 d 96.58 a 28.73 a 6332.64 d
5:5 334.86 c 121.15 a 40,567.93 c 94.21 b 28.17 d 10,531.95 c
6:4 346.28 b 119.72 a 41,457.44 b 94.33 b 28.45 bc 10,909.22 b
7:3 353.12 ab 119.16 a 42,077.63 a 94.76 b 28.56 b 11,134.80 a
8:2 357.32 a 115.63 b 41,315.22 b 93.59 b 28.07 d 10,593.30 c
CK 350.25 ab 119.09 a 41,711.27 ab 94.31 b 28.42 c 10,998.90 ab
南粳2728
Nanjing 2728		 0 223.80 d 105.17 e 23,537.05 d 94.18 a 28.19 a 5980.85 d
5:5 354.19 b 117.35 a 41,564.56 c 91.95 b 27.94 bc 10,442.44 d
6:4 365.85 ab 115.92 b 42,410.61 bc 92.28 b 28.00 b 10,711.05 bc
7:3 378.58 a 115.16 bc 43,598.47 a 92.53 b 28.07 ab 11,041.35 a
8:2 379.29 a 111.74 d 42,383.22 bc 91.64 b 27.84 c 10,577.72 cd
CK 375.79 a 114.68 c 43,093.26 ab 92.09 b 28.03 b 10,869.45 ab
2019 南粳505
Nanjing 505		 0 213.90 e 113.37 d 24,249.84 d 96.72 a 29.35 a 6617.55 d
5:5 336.71 d 123.76 a 41,671.54 d 93.57 b 28.74 cd 10,923.37 b
6:4 345.30 cd 123.24 a 42,553.91 b 93.62 b 28.84 bc 11,215.20 ab
7:3 355.23 ab 121.11 b 43,022.16 a 93.64 b 29.01 b 11,446.20 a
8:2 360.49 a 118.27 c 42,634.86 b 92.15 c 28.62 d 10,981.65 b
CK 348.34 bc 120.93 b 42,124.45 c 93.55 b 28.85 bc 11,162.85 ab
南粳2728
Nanjing 2728		 0 225.60 d 108.74 e 24,531.74 e 95.02 a 28.26 a 6348.45 d
5:5 360.90 c 118.77 a 42,864.09 d 92.19 b 27.85 bc 10,719.32 d
6:4 368.40 bc 116.42 b 42,889.13 d 93.22 ab 28.05 ab 10,982.74 bc
7:3 382.85 a 114.82 c 43,960.51 a 93.75 ab 28.09 a 11,280.19 a
8:2 386.10 a 112.27 d 43,347.45 c 92.31 b 27.72 c 10,818.15 cd
CK 376.91 ab 115.42 bc 43,503.24 b 92.76 b 28.15 a 11,087.40 ab

图1

氮肥减量运筹对麦茬机插优质食味粳稻群体茎蘖动态变化影响 N-n: 有效分蘖临界叶龄期; J: 拔节期; H: 抽穗期; M: 成熟期。图中“5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2”分别指总施氮量264 kg hm-2条件下基蘖肥与穗肥比例, “CK”指总施氮量330 kg hm-2条件下基蘖肥∶穗肥=5∶5的处理。图中所标注的字母为群体茎蘖数的显著性, 不同字母表示在0.05 水平上差异显著。"

图2

氮肥减量运筹对麦茬机插优质食味粳稻群体LAI影响 缩写和处理同图1。图中所标注字母为群体叶面积指数的显著性, 不同字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。N-n: 有效分蘖临界叶龄期; J:拔节期; H: 抽穗期; M: 成熟期。图中“处理”指基蘖肥与穗肥比例。"

图3

氮肥减量运筹对麦茬机插优质食味粳稻群体干物质积累量影响 缩写和处理同图1。图中所标注字母为群体干物质积累量的显著性, 不同字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。"

表3

氮肥减量运筹对麦茬机插优质食味粳稻加工和外观品质影响"

品种
Cultivar		 基蘖肥:穗肥
B:P		 出糙率
BR (%)		 精米率
MR (%)		 整精米率HMR (%) 垩白粒率
CP (%)		 垩白度
CD (%)		 长/宽
L/W
南粳505
Nanjing505		 5:5 83.19 b 71.92 b 66.42 a 48.51 b 9.08 b 1.52 b
6:4 83.05 b 71.64 b 65.81 ab 45.17 c 7.86 c 1.41 c
7:3 81.24 c 70.82 c 65.15 bc 44.92 c 7.63 d 1.28 d
8:2 81.08 c 69.71 d 64.08 c 42.83 d 7.19 e 1.26 d
CK 84.12 a 72.46 a 66.95 a 51.77 a 10.52 a 1.64 a
南粳2728
Nanjing 2728		 5:5 84.09 a 71.27 b 67.22 b 45.74 b 7.92 b 1.66 b
6:4 83.26 b 70.69 c 66.81 c 44.26 c 7.24 c 1.58 c
7:3 82.02 c 70.23 d 65.35 d 42.83 d 6.82 d 1.42 d
8:2 81.29 d 69.64 e 64.68 e 41.06 e 6.09 e 1.38 d
CK 84.15 a 71.95 a 67.46 a 47.32 a 8.29 a 1.75 a

表4

氮肥减量运筹对麦茬机插优质食味粳稻营养和食味品质影响"

品种
Cultivar		 基蘖肥:穗肥
B:P		 直链淀粉含量
AC (%)		 蛋白质含量
PC (%)		 胶稠度
GC (mm)		 香气
Aroma		 味道
Taste		 口感
Mouth feel		 食味值
Taste quality
南粳505
Nanjing 505		 5:5 10.04 c 8.29 b 85.17 b 6.42 d 6.53 b 6.82 bc 72.86 b
6:4 10.15 c 7.94 b 86.28 ab 6.51 c 6.75 ab 6.94 bc 73.15 b
7:3 11.26 b 7.18 c 86.58 ab 6.73 b 6.92 a 7.05 ab 73.49 ab
8:2 11.85 a 6.94 c 87.06 a 6.85 a 7.05 a 7.28 a 74.22 a
CK 9.25 d 8.72 a 87.62 a 6.29 e 6.51 b 6.76 c 71.29 c
南粳2728
Nanjing 2728		 5:5 10.52 c 8.17 b 85.28 d 6.28 c 6.45 d 6.71 d 63.05 d
6:4 11.38 b 8.04 b 86.25 c 6.33 c 6.58 c 6.79 c 65.17 c
7:3 11.82 a 7.86 c 87.13 bc 6.49 b 6.72 b 6.84 b 66.09 b
8:2 12.04 a 7.15 d 87.68 b 6.58 a 6.86 a 6.95 a 67.15 a
CK 10.11 d 8.61 a 89.08 a 6.17 d 6.38 d 6.53 e 62.46 e

表5

氮肥减量运筹对麦茬机插优质粳稻稻米淀粉RVA谱特性影响"

品种
Cultivar		 基蘖肥:穗肥
B:P		 峰值黏度
Peak viscosity (cP)		 热浆黏度Trough viscosity (cP) 最终黏度
Final viscosity (cP)		 崩解值Breakdown (cP) 消减值
Setback
(cP)		 峰值时间
Peak time
(s)		 糊化温度
Pasting temperature (℃)
南粳505
Nanjing 505		 5:5 2392 d 992 c 1664 c 1774 cd -728 a 5.42 a 80.72 ab
6:4 2420 c 1001 b 1683 b 1782 c -737 b 5.53 a 80.14 bc
7:3 2431 b 1007 ab 1689 ab 1792 b -742 b 5.61 a 79.72 cd
8:2 2442 a 1013 a 1691 a 1804 a -751 c 5.37 a 79.26 d
CK 2383 e 985 d 1659 c 1765 d -725 a 5.26 a 81.28 a
南粳2728
Nanjing 2728		 5:5 2481 cd 1010 d 1791 d 1536 bc -690 ab 5.71 a 79.28 b
6:4 2491 bc 1015 c 1799 c 1542 ab -693 b 5.82 a 78.83 c
7:3 2502 ab 1030 b 1806 b 1547 a -696 c 5.87 a 78.51 d
8:2 2518 a 1037 a 1818 a 1549 a -700 d 5.69 a 77.06 e
CK 2472 d 1005 d 1784 e 1529 c -688 a 5.64 a 79.64 a

图4

氮肥减量运筹对麦茬机插优质食味粳稻氮素积累的影响 缩写和处理同图1。图中所标注的字母为氮素积累量的显著性, 不同字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。图中“处理”指基蘖肥与穗肥比例。"

表6

氮肥减量运筹对麦茬机插优质食味粳稻氮肥利用率的影响"

品种
Cultivar		 基蘖肥:穗肥
B:P		 吸收利用率
Recovery efficiency
(%)		 农学利用率
Agronomic efficiency
(kg kg-1)		 生理利用率
Physiological efficiency
(kg kg-1)		 偏生产力
Partial factor productivity
(kg kg-1)
南粳505
Nanjing 505		 5:5 41.76 b 16.63 c 39.83 b 39.58 c
6:4 43.93 a 17.69 b 40.27 b 40.63 b
7:3 44.41 a 18.53 a 41.72 a 41.47 a
8:2 42.04 b 16.84 c 40.07 b 39.79 c
CK 38.45 c 14.64 d 38.06 c 33.83 d
南粳2728
Nanjing 2728		 5:5 43.46 b 17.17 c 39.51 bc 38.84 c
6:4 45.13 a 18.12 b 40.16 b 39.79 b
7:3 45.57 a 19.20 a 42.13 a 40.87 a
8:2 43.83 b 17.53 bc 39.98 bc 39.20 bc
CK 39.94 c 15.47 d 38.74 c 33.60 d
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