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作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (2): 423-436.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11017

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

冬小麦-夏玉米轮作“双晚”种植模式下的品种匹配与资源效率

闫岩(), 张钰石, 刘础荣, 任丹阳, 刘洪润, 刘雪晴, 张明才*(), 李召虎   

  1. 植物生长调节剂教育部工程研究中心 / 中国农业大学农学院, 北京 100193
  • 收稿日期:2021-02-22 接受日期:2021-04-26 出版日期:2022-02-12 网络出版日期:2021-07-06
  • 通讯作者: 张明才
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1319817475@qq.com, Tel: 010-62733453
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目资助(2017YFD0300410)

Variety matching and resource use efficiency of the winter wheat-summer maize “double late” cropping system

YAN Yan(), ZHANG Yu-Shi, LIU Chu-Rong, REN Dan-Yang, LIU Hong-Run, LIU Xue-Qing, ZHANG Ming-Cai*(), LI Zhao-Hu   

  1. Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education / College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
  • Received:2021-02-22 Accepted:2021-04-26 Published:2022-02-12 Published online:2021-07-06
  • Contact: ZHANG Ming-Cai
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0300410)

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摘要：

探索适宜于麦玉“双晚”种植模式下抗逆丰产稳产的冬小麦夏玉米品种组合特性及其与自然资源匹配特征, 对于保障冬小麦夏玉米抗逆丰产高效生产具有重要意义。本研究于2017—2019年通过田间试验, 选用华北平原主推的冬小麦与夏玉米品种各8个, 设置区域麦玉“双晚”接茬模式和水分控制处理, 通过水分利用效率、籽粒灌浆特征、生育进程、周年光温水资源利用效率等综合分析与评价, 探明宜于“双晚”模式下麦玉品种组配特征及其资源利用效率。结果表明, 在常规节水灌溉和生育期雨养模式下冀麦325、石麦15和济麦22的产量在两个生长季均高于供试品种平均产量, 其中冀麦325和石麦15的抗旱系数均高于济麦22; 同时, 济麦22、冀麦325和石麦15具有较高的灌浆速率、穗粒数和粒重, 其高稳系数在不同灌溉模式下均高于供试品种平均值。在供试玉米品种中, 登海605、伟科702、MC670、农华816的产量和高稳系数均高于供试品种的平均值, 其中MC670、登海605、先玉335的灌浆速率在2个生长季均高于供试品种的平均值, 而迪卡517和先玉335在供试品种中收获期籽粒含水量最低、平均脱水速率最高。基于品种丰产稳产性、抗旱性、灌浆特征和脱水特征的综合分析, 筛选出周年产量和资源利用效率最高的品种组合为冀麦325-MC670, 2年较对照济麦22-郑单958品种组合周年产量提高17.2%和17.9%、光、温和灌溉水利用效率分别提高18.6%和20.0%、18.1%和18.9%、17.4%和18.1%, 经济效益分别增加8800元 hm -2和9600元 hm -2; 为适应麦玉周年全程机械化管理模式, 玉米品种应组配脱水快、籽粒收获含水量低的迪卡517或先玉335, 与济麦22-郑单958组合相比, 周年产量两年分别提高4.7%和14.4%、光温和灌溉水利用效率分别提高5.6%和16.3%、4.7%和15.4%, 5.0%和14.6%, 经济效益增加2080元 hm -2和7080元 hm -2。综上所述, 在麦玉“双晚”模式下, 通过优化品种组合, 与当前主推品种组合相比, 能进一步实现周年产量和资源利用效率的协同提升。

关键词: 麦玉“双晚”种植模式;, 品种匹配, 籽粒灌浆, 周年产量, 资源利用效率

Abstract:

It is of great significance that exploring the characteristics of wheat-maize varieties combination suitable for stress resistance, high yield, and stable yield under the “double delay” system and their matching properties with natural resources, for ensuring the high yield and high efficiency production of winter wheat and summer maize in this region. In this study, field experiments were conducted from 2017 to 2019. Eight winter wheat and eight summer maize varieties were the main varieties in the North China Plain under winter wheat-summer maize “double delay” system with different irrigation treatments. Based on the analysis and evaluation of water use efficiency, grain filling characteristics, growth process, annual light, temperature, and water use efficiency, etc., the characteristics of wheat-maize varieties combination and resource use efficiency under the “double delay” system of winter wheat and summer maize were explored. The results suggested that among the tested wheat varieties, the yields of Jimai 325, Shimai 15, Nongda 3486, and Jimai 22 under conventional water-saving irrigation and rain-fed mode were higher than the average yield of the tested varieties druing the two growing seasons. In addition, the drought resistance index of Jimai 325 and Shimai 15 were higher than that of Jimai 22. Meanwhile, the grain-filling rate, grain number per spike, grain weight, and high stability coefficients of Jimai 22, Jimai 325, and Shimai 15 were higher than the mean of the tested varieties under different irrigation modes. Among the tested maize variaties, the yield and high stability coefficients of Denghai 605, Weike 702, MC670, and Nonghua 816 were all higher than the means of the tested varieties. The grain-filling rate of MC670, Denghai 605, and Xianyu 335 were higher than the means of the tested varieties during the two growing seasons. While, Dika 517 and Xianyu 335 had the lowest grain water content at harvest stage but the highest average dehydration rate among the tested varieties. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the yield and yield stability, drought resistance, grain-filling properties, and dehydration characteristics, the variety combination of Jimai 325-MC670 was selected with the highest annual yield and resource use efficiency. Compared with the local control combination of Jimai 22-Zhengdan 958, the annual yield increased by 17.2% and 17.9%, the light, temperature and irrigation water use efficiency increased by 18.6% and 20.0%, 18.1% and 18.9%, 17.4% and 18.1%, and increased economic benefit 8800 Yuan hm -2 and 9600 Yuan hm -2, respectively; to fit the whole-process mechanized management mode of wheat-maize double cropping system, maize could use varieties with fast dehydration rate and low grain water content when harvest, such as Dika 517 or Xianyu 335. Compared with the current local combination of Jimai 22-Zhengdan 958, this combination could increase the annual yield by 4.7% and 14.4%, and increase the light, temperature, and irrigation water use efficiency by 5.6% and 16.3%, 4.7% and 15.4%, 5.0% and 14.6%, and increased economic benefit by 2080 Yuan hm -2 and 7080 Yuan hm -2, respectively. In summary, optimizing the wheat-maize variety combination under the “double delay” cropping system can further improve the annual yield and resource use efficiency synergistically compared with the local staple wheat-maize variety combination.

Key words: wheat-maize ‘double-delay’ cropping system;, variety matching, grain-filling, annual yield, resource use efficiency

图1

2017-2018、2018-2019麦玉周年和近20年(2000-2020)平均的日均温和累积降水量"

表1

2017-2019不同灌溉处理下不同的小麦品种的产量、产量构成因素、灌溉水利用效率、抗旱指数及高稳系数"

处理
Treatment		 品种
Variety		 2017-2018 2018-2019 高稳系数
HSC
穗数
Spikes number (×104 hm‒2)		 穗粒数
Kernel number
per spike		 千粒重
Thousand- kernel
weight (g)		 产量
GY
(t hm‒2)		 灌溉水利用效率
IWUE
(kg m‒3)		 抗旱
指数
DI		 穗数
Spikes number (×104 hm‒2)		 穗粒数
Kernel number
per spike		 千粒重
Thousand-kernel
weight (g)		 产量
GY
(t hm‒2)		 灌溉水利用效率
IWUE
(kg m‒3)		 抗旱指数
DI
W1 农大3486
Nongda 3486		 605.7 a 31.3 bc 40.3 bc 7.6 bc 10.1 bc 0.94 606.6 a 31.7 bc 33.3 b 6.4 cd 8.5 cd 0.72 0.75
冀麦325 Jimai 325 614.4 a 38.2 a 41.0 b 9.6 a 12.8 a 1.39 614.6 a 38.3 a 35.9 b 8.2 ab 10.9 ab 1.08 0.97
邯麦16 Hanmai 16 617.4 a 35.9 ab 37.4 e 8.3 ab 11.1 ab 1.17 613.6 a 25.0 e 30.5 c 4.7 e 6.3 e 0.54 0.48
石麦15 Shimai 15 616.1 a 32.9 b 40.4 bc 8.2 bc 10.9 bc 1.10 615.7 a 37.0 a 38.1 a 8.7 a 11.6 a 1.35 0.92
济麦22 Jimai 22 616.1 a 29.1 c 42.3 a 7.7 bc 10.3 bc 1.00 615.6 a 31.7 bc 37.0 a 7.2 bc 9.6 bc 1.00 0.87
山农20 Shannong 20 619.5 a 23.2 d 42.7 a 6.2 cd 8.3 cd 0.70 618.0 a 24.5 e 37.6 a 5.7 de 7.6 de 0.66 0.68
鑫麦296 Xinmai 296 616.8 a 29.3 c 40.7 bc 7.4 bc 9.9 bc 1.08 618.0 a 29.1 d 37.1 a 6.6 cd 8.8 cd 0.89 0.79
农大399 Nongda 399 618.6 a 22.2 d 38.5 d 5.3 d 7.1 d 0.54 616.3 a 30.1 cd 37.2 a 6.9 cd 9.2 cd 0.91 0.60
平均值 Means 615.6 30.3 40.4 7.5 10.1 614.8 30.9 35.8 6.8 9.1 0.76
W3 农大3486
Nongda 3486		 608.4 a 38.5 bc 40.8 bc 9.6 abc 4.3 abc 618.4 a 38.7 b 40.4 c 9.7 ab 4.3 ab 0.97
冀麦325 Jimai 325 617.6 a 40.2 ab 41.2 bc 10.2 a 4.5 a 624.1 a 41.3 a 40.5 c 10.7 a 4.8 a 1.03
邯麦16 Hanmai 16 618.5 a 37.5 bcd 39.2 d 9.1 bc 4.0 bc 618.2 a 30.3 d 36.7 d 6.9 c 3.1 c 0.66
石麦15 Shimai 15 618.6 a 36.2 cd 41.3 b 9.3 abc 4.1 abc 620.0 a 38.6 b 40.7 c 9.5 ab 4.2 ab 0.94
济麦22 Jimai 22 616.7 a 34.7 de 42.5 a 9.1 bc 4.0 bc 615.7 a 33 cd 42.7 b 8.9 abc 3.9 abc 0.89
山农20 Shannong 20 622.0 a 32.2 ef 42.8 a 8.6 cd 3.8 cd 620.5 a 30.3 d 43.9 a 8.1 bc 3.6 bc 0.83
鑫麦296 Xinmai 296 617.3 a 30.4 f 40.8 bc 7.7 d 3.4 d 620.4 a 30.4 d 43.8 a 8.5 abc 3.8 abc 0.76
农大399 Nongda 399 626.5 a 31.5 ef 40.0 cd 7.9 d 3.5 d 619.7 a 36.3 bc 39.5 c 8.7 abc 3.9 abc 0.78
平均值 Means 618.2 35.2 41.1 8.9 4.0 619.6 35.1 41.0 8.9 4.0 0.86

表2

常规灌溉条件下不同冬小麦品种籽粒灌浆特征参数"

品种
Variety		 2017-2018 2018-2019
Gmax
(mg d-1 grain-1)		 Gmean
(mg d-1 grain-1)		 Tmax
(d)		 P
(d)		 Gmax
(mg d-1 grain-1)		 Gmean
(mg d-1 grain-1)		 Tmax
(d)		 P
(d)
农大3486 Nongda 3486 2.27 c 1.53 ab 23.6 b 32.0 c 2.46 b 1.62 b 19.6 ab 31.7 c
冀麦325 Jimai 325 2.45 b 1.58 b 24.6 a 33.3 b 2.51 b 1.67 b 19.9 a 31.1 c
邯麦16 Hanmai 16 1.86 e 1.25 d 23.0 b 35.1 a 1.84 d 1.23 d 20.0 a 33.1 b
石麦15 Shimai 15 2.38 b 1.51 b 23.4 b 32.0 c 2.48 c 1.65 c 18.9 b 33.1 b
济麦22 Jimai 22 2.40 a 1.59 a 23.0 b 33.4 b 2.49 b 1.67 b 19.1 b 33.3 b
山农20 Shannong 20 2.48 a 1.65 a 23.1 b 33.7 b 2.51 b 1.65 b 20.0 a 33.7 b
鑫麦296 Xinmai 296 2.41 a 1.58 a 22.6 b 30.5 d 2.63 a 1.76 a 18.4 c 30.1 d
农大399 Nongda 399 2.12 d 1.40 c 21.4 c 31.2 d 2.17 c 1.43 c 18.3 c 32.8 a
平均值 Mean 2.30 1.51 23.1 32.7 2.39 1.59 19.3 32.4

表3

不同小麦品种产量、穗粒数、千粒重与灌浆特征的相关性分析"

GY KNP TKW Gmax Gmean P
GY 1
KNP 0.97 ** 1
TKW 0.13 -0.10 1
Gmax -0.04 -0.24 0.87 ** 1
Gmean 0.03 -0.18 0.89 ** 0.99 ** 1
P 0.43 0.45 -0.12 -0.47 -0.42 1

表4

2018-2019不同玉米品种的产量、产量构成因素及高稳系数"

品种
Variety		 2018 2019 高稳系数
HSC
穗数
Ears number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain number
per ear		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight (g)		 产量
GY
(t hm-2)		 穗数
Ears number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain number
per ear		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight (g)		 产量
GY
(t hm-2)
郑单958 Zhengdan 958 7.5 a 462.2 cd 344.1 de 10.1 c 7.7 a 547.3 ab 313.9 d 11.2 bc 0.84
浚单20 Xundan 20 7.5 a 505.4 a 338.9 e 10.9 b 7.8 a 493.3 c 323.2 cd 10.5 c 0.89
登海605 Denghai 605 7.4 a 507.5 a 356.7 c 11.2 b 7.8 a 570.9 a 343.7 b 13.0 a 0.93
伟科702 Weike 702 7.4 a 481.4 bc 368.7 b 11.0 b 7.8 a 555.0 ab 340.8 bc 12.5 ab 0.91
先玉335 Xianyu 335 7.4 a 447.9 d 354.5 cd 9.9 c 7.7 a 515.5 bc 369.9 a 12.1 ab 0.81
迪卡517 Dika 517 7.5 a 506.5 a 305.4 f 9.9 c 7.7 a 579.0 a 323.7 cd 12.3 ab 0.80
MC670 7.4 a 499.5 a 391.4 a 12.3 a 7.7 a 522.0 bc 379.5 a 13.0 a 1.04
农华816 Nonghua 816 7.4 a 510.1 a 355.5 cd 11.3 b 7.8 a 581.9 a 318.7 d 12.2 ab 0.95
平均值 Mean 7.4 490.1 351.9 10.8 7.8 545.6 339.2 12.1 0.90

表5

不同玉米品种的籽粒灌浆特征"

品种
Variety		 2018 2019
Gmax
(mg d-1 grain-1)		 Gmean
(mg d-1 grain-1)		 Tmax
(d)		 P
(d)		 Gmax
(mg d-1 grain-1)		 Gmean
(mg d-1 grain-1)		 Tmax
(d)		 P
(d)
郑单958 Zhengdan 958 11.53 c 7.83 c 22.9 a 50.5 a 11.75 c 7.93 bc 26.8 a 49.5 a
浚单20 Xundan 20 11.27 d 7.65 c 21.0 c 48.7 b 11.46 c 7.78 c 24.2 d 47.8 b
登海605 Denghai 605 11.61 c 7.89 bc 21.4 bc 49.8 a 12.18 b 8.24 b 25.1 c 48.0 b
伟科702 Weike 702 12.15 b 8.17 bc 22.1 b 49.6 a 11.99 bc 8.15 b 25.9 b 48.1 b
先玉335 Xianyu 335 12.28 b 8.34 b 21.8 b 46.7 c 12.98 a 8.76 a 25.3 bc 46.6 c
迪卡517 Dika 517 10.78 e 7.31 c 20.2 d 45.9 c 11.57 c 7.73 c 24.6 cd 46.0 c
MC670 13.07 a 8.87 a 20.9 c 48.5 b 13.39 a 9.09 a 24.8 c 48.0 b
农华816 Nonghua 816 11.59 c 7.86 bc 20.7 cd 49.7 a 12.21 b 8.26 b 24.8 c 46.4 c
平均值 Mean 11.79 7.99 21.4 48.7 12.19 8.24 25.2 47.6

表6

不同玉米品种收获期籽粒含水量和平均脱水速率"

品种
Variety		 2018 2019
收获期籽粒含水量
Grain moisture content
when harvest (%)		 平均脱水速率
Average dehydration
rate (% d-1)		 收获期籽粒含水量
Grain moisture content
when harvest (%)		 平均脱水速率
Average dehydration rate (% d-1)
郑单958 Zhengdan 958 29.1 a 0.99 b 30.1 a 1.02 c
浚单20 Xundan 20 28.6 ab 1.00 b 29.5 a 1.02 c
登海605 Denghai 605 28.4 bc 1.00 b 29.0 b 1.04 bc
伟科702 Weike 702 28.4 bc 0.99 b 28.2 c 1.04 bc
先玉335 Xianyu 335 26.8 e 1.02 ab 27.1 b 1.05 b
迪卡517 Dika 517 26.0 f 1.03 a 25.7 d 1.08 a
MC670 28.5 b 1.00 b 29.9 a 1.02 c
农华816 Nonghua 816 27.1 de 1.02 ab 28.5 bc 1.04 bc

表7

不同玉米品种产量、穗粒数、千粒重、灌浆特征和脱水特征的相关性分析"

性状Trait GY KNP TKW Gmax Gmean P GMCH ADR
GY 1
KNP 0.73** 1
TKW 0.33 -0.38 1
Gmax 0.63** 0.04 0.76** 1
Gmean 0.61* 0.01 0.77** 0.99** 1
P -0.14 -0.45 0.45 0.02 0.033 1
GMCH 0.34 0.04 0.32 0.51* 0.53* 0.46 1
ADR 0.35 0.68** -0.53* -0.14 -0.18 -0.68** -0.41 1

表8

不同麦玉品种组合的周年产量与光温水资源利用效率"

品种
Variety		 玉米品种
Maize variety		 2017—2018 2018—2019
周年产量
AY
(t hm‒2)		 灌溉水
利用效率
IWUE
(kg m‒3)		 积温
利用效率
TUE
(kg hm‒2 ℃ d‒1)		 光能
利用效率
RUE
(g MJ‒1)		 经济效益
EB
(Yuan hm‒2)		 周年产量
AY
(t hm‒2)		 灌溉水
利用效率
IWUE
(kg m‒3)		 积温
利用效率
TUE
(kg hm‒2 ℃ d‒1)		 光能
利用效率
RUE
(g MJ‒1)		 经济效益
EB
(Yuan hm‒2)
济麦22 Jimai 22 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 19.2 b 6.38 b 3.87 b 0.40 b 15,120 20.1 c 6.69 c 4.02 c 0.42 c 17,480
冀麦325 Jimai 325 登海605 Denghai 605 21.5 ab 7.16 ab 4.37 ab 0.46 ab 20,840 23.7 a 7.89 a 4.78 a 0.51 a 27,080
冀麦325 Jimai 325 MC670 22.5 a 7.49 a 4.57 a 0.48 a 23,920 23.7 a 7.90 a 4.78 a 0.51 a 27,080
石麦15 Shimai 15 登海605 Denghai 605 20.5 b 6.85 b 4.18 b 0.44 b 18,680 22.5 b 7.50 b 4.54 b 0.49 b 24,200
石麦15 Shimai 15 MC670 21.5 ab 7.18 ab 4.38 ab 0.46 ab 21,760 22.5 b 7.51 b 4.54 b 0.49 b 24,200
冀麦325 Jimai 325 先玉335 Xianyu 335 20.1 b 6.70 b 4.05 b 0.42 b 17,200 22.8 ab 7.60 ab 4.60 ab 0.49 ab 24,560
冀麦325 Jimai 325 迪卡517 Dika 517 20.1 b 6.70 b 4.05 b 0.42 b 17,200 23.0 ab 7.67 ab 4.64 ab 0.50 ab 25,120
石麦15 Shimai 15 先玉335 Xianyu 335 19.2 b 6.40 b 3.88 b 0.40 b 16,040 21.6 b 7.20 b 4.36 b 0.47 b 21,680
石麦15 Shimai 15 迪卡517 Dika 517 19.2 b 6.40 b 3.88 b 0.40 b 16,040 21.8 b 7.27 b 4.40 b 0.47 b 22,240
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