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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (11): 2258-2267.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.01081

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

分期施钾对不同质地土壤麦田冬小麦干物质积累和产量的影响

胡鑫慧1(), 谷淑波1, 朱俊科3, 王东2,*()   

  1. 1山东农业大学 / 作物生物学国家重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018
    2西北农林科技大学农学院, 陕西杨凌 712100
    3淄博禾丰种业科技股份有限公司, 山东临淄 255000
  • 收稿日期:2020-10-21 接受日期:2021-03-19 出版日期:2021-11-12 网络出版日期:2021-04-07
  • 通讯作者: 王东
  • 作者简介:E-mail: huxinhui173@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    山东省重大科技创新工程项目(2019JZZY010716);山东省泰山产业领军人才工程项目

Effects of applying potassium at different growth stages on dry matter accumulation and yield of winter wheat in different soil-texture fields

HU Xin-Hui1(), GU Shu-Bo1, ZHU Jun-Ke3, WANG Dong2,*()   

  1. 1Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
    2College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
    3Zibo Hefeng Seed Technology Co., Ltd., Linzi 255000, Shandong, China
  • Received:2020-10-21 Accepted:2021-03-19 Published:2021-11-12 Published online:2021-04-07
  • Contact: WANG Dong
  • Supported by:
    Key Innovation Project on Technology from Shandong Provincial Government(2019JZZY010716);Taishan Industry Leader Talent Project of Shandong

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摘要：

为探明分期施钾对不同质地土壤麦田冬小麦产量形成的调节作用, 本研究以高产冬小麦品种太麦198为试验材料, 在沙壤土(S)和粉壤土(F)两种土壤质地试验田上, 设置不施钾肥(K0)、钾肥全部底施(100%于播种期底施, K1)和分期施钾(50%于播种期底施+50%于拔节期追施, K2) 3个处理。分析不同质地土壤条件下分期施钾对冬小麦旗叶光合特性、干物质积累与分配及籽粒产量的影响, 结果表明, 土壤质地和施钾方式互作显著影响了小麦穗粒数、花后同化干物质量和籽粒产量。在两种质地土壤条件下, 施钾显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量, 且以K2处理产量最高。与K1处理相比, K2处理穗粒数及开花后旗叶叶绿素相对含量、花后旗叶净光合速率、花后单茎干物质积累量和花后同化物向籽粒转运量均提高。在沙壤土条件下K2处理较K1处理两年度籽粒产量分别增加12.4%和10.4%, 在粉壤土条件下籽粒产量分别增加5.2%和5.4%, 说明在两种土壤质地条件下, 改钾肥全部底施为50%底施+50%拔节期追施均有显著增产作用, 但以沙壤土麦田小麦增产幅度较大。

关键词: 冬小麦, 分期施钾, 土壤肥力, 干物质, 籽粒产量

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of potassium applying on the grain yield formation of winter wheat, the experiments were carried out on different soil textures with high-yield winter wheat variety Taimai 198. To analyze the effects of potassium application at different stages on winter wheat flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and distribution, and grain yield under different soil texture conditions, two soil texture test fields [sandy loam (S) and silty loam (F)] and three treatments [no potassium fertilizer (K0), potassium fertilizer base application (100% applicating at sowing, K1), and split application (50% applicating at sowing stage + 50% topdressing at the jointing stage, K2)] was arranged. The results showed that the interaction of soil texture and potassium application significantly affected the grain number per spike and dry matter assimilated after anthesis and grain yield. Under the two soil texture conditions, potassium application significantly increased the grain yield of winter wheat, and K2 treatment had the highest yield. Compared with K1 treatment, the grains number per ear, the SPAD and net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves after anthesis, the accumulation of dry matter per stem after anthesis, and the transfer of assimilation to the grain after anthesis were increased under K2 treatment. Under sandy loam conditions, grain yield of K2 treatment was by 12.4% and 10.4% higher than that of K1 treatment, respectively. Under silt loam conditions, grain yield was by 5.2% and 5.4% higher than that of K1 treatment. Those results indicated that wheat yield was significantly increased by changing potassium fertilizer base application to 50% base application with 50% topdressing at jointing stage, and the wheat yield was higher in sandy loam field.

Key words: winter wheat, potassium application at different growth stages, soil fertility, dry matter, grain yield

表1

试验地0~200 cm各土层土壤颗粒含量"

土层
Soil layer (cm)		 粉壤土地块 Powder loam plot (%) 沙壤土地块 Sandy loam plot (%)
黏粒 Clay 沙粒 Sand 粉粒 Powder 黏粒 Clay 沙粒 Sand 粉粒 Powder
0-20 19.3 21.0 59.7 9.8 50.6 39.6
20-40 20.4 20.7 58.9 8.5 54.7 36.8
40-60 21.7 19.0 59.3 8.1 61.1 30.8
60-80 15.1 21.3 63.6 8.6 57.2 34.2
80-100 12.2 22.4 65.4 7.4 71.4 21.2
100-120 17.5 19.7 62.8 6.5 79.6 13.9
120-140 17.6 20.3 62.1 6.3 73.3 20.4
140-160 15.2 17.6 67.2 5.7 69.5 24.8
160-180 10.4 21.5 68.1 6.3 75.4 18.3
180-200 13.7 22.3 64.0 5.7 70.4 23.9

表2

试验地0~20 cm土层播种前土壤养分含量"

年度
Year		 试验地
Experimental plot		 有机质
Organic matter
(%)		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg‒1)		 碱解氮
Hydrolysable nitrogen
(mg kg‒1)		 速效磷
Available phosphorus
(mg kg‒1)		 速效钾
Available potassium
(mg kg‒1)
2018-2019 粉壤土Powder loam 1.02 1.91 84.14 30.38 118.91
沙壤土Sandy loam 0.94 1.79 78.82 22.85 97.06
2019-2020 粉壤土Powder loam 1.12 1.96 86.33 30.74 116.48
沙壤土Sandy loam 0.89 1.66 77.65 23.79 94.03

图1

冬小麦单茎干物质积累量的变化 S: 沙壤土地块; F: 粉壤土地块; K0: 不施钾处理; K1: 钾肥全部播种前底施处理; K2: 钾肥50%于播种期底施+50%于拔节期追施; W: 越冬期; T: 返青期; J: 拔节期; A: 开花期; M: 成熟期。误差线为标准差。柱上不同字母表示在同一生育期的不同处理之间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图2

冬小麦开花后旗叶叶绿素相对含量++ S: 沙壤土地块; F: 粉壤土地块; K0: 不施钾处理; K1: 钾肥全部播种前底施处理; K2: 钾肥50%于播种期底施+50%于拔节期追施。误差线为标准差。柱上不同字母表示在同一生育期的不同处理之间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图3

冬小麦开花后旗叶净光合速率 S: 沙壤土地块; F: 粉壤土地块; K0: 不施钾处理; K1: 钾肥全部播种前底施处理; K2: 钾肥50%于播种期底施+50%于拔节期追施。误差线为标准差。不同字母表示在同一生育期的不同处理之间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图4

不同处理对籽粒灌浆速率的影响 S: 沙壤土地块; F: 粉壤土地块; K0: 不施钾处理; K1: 钾肥全部播种前底施处理; K2: 钾肥50%于播种期底施+50%于拔节期追施。"

表3

不同处理开花后干物质同化量及营养器官干物质的再分配量"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 开花前营养器官贮存干物质
Dry matter in vegetable organs at anthesis		 花后同化干物质
Dry matter assimilated after anthesis
向籽粒转运量
Translocation amount
(kg hm‒2)		 对籽粒贡献率
Contribution to grain
(%)		 输入籽粒量
Allocation to grain
(kg hm‒2)		 对籽粒贡献率
Contribution to grain
(%)
2018-2019 SK0 1573.5 d 20.0 b 6277.9 d 80.0 ab
SK1 2007.4 b 22.8 a 6798.9 c 77.2 b
SK2 1710.9 c 17.2 c 8260.7 a 82.8 a
FK0 1694.1 c 19.2 b 7143.2 c 80.8 a
FK1 2216.7 a 22.7 a 7592.4 b 77.3 b
FK2 1758.4 c 17.1 c 8534.1 a 82.9 a
年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 开花前营养器官贮存干物质
Dry matter in vegetable organs at anthesis		 花后同化干物质
Dry matter assimilated after anthesis
向籽粒转运量
Translocation amount
(kg hm‒2)		 对籽粒贡献率
Contribution to grain
(%)		 输入籽粒量
Allocation to grain
(kg hm‒2)		 对籽粒贡献率
Contribution to grain
(%)
2019-2020 SK0 2867.5 d 34.2 bc 5521.9 d 65.8 bc
SK1 3312.3 b 35.6 ab 5991.0 c 64.4 c
SK2 3095.3 c 30.0 d 7237.9 a 70.0 a
FK0 3224.8 bc 36.5 a 5587.3 d 63.5 c
FK1 3557.7 a 36.9 a 6082.8 c 63.1 c
FK2 3372.5 b 32.7 c 6936 b 67.3 ab
土壤质地 Soil-texture (S) ** * * NS
施钾方式 Potassium application methods (P) ** ** ** **
土壤质地×施钾方式 S× P NS NS * NS

表4

不同处理对冬小麦籽粒产量及其构成因素的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 穗数
Spike number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain number
per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
2018-2019 SK0 642.0 b 32.5 e 40.5 b 6755.1 e
SK1 663.0 ab 34.6 d 42.2 ab 7538.4 d
SK2 665.0 ab 38.3 bc 43.2 a 8476.6 c
FK0 675.0 ab 36.9 c 42.7 ab 8334.3 c
FK1 684.0 a 39.0 b 43.1 a 8870.6 b
FK2 678.0 ab 41.4 a 43.2 a 9335.3 a
2019-2020 SK0 696.0 b 30.4 d 40.1 b 7541.8 e
SK1 721.0 ab 32.0 c 42.0 a 8116.6 d
SK2 731.0 ab 35.8 a 42.3 a 8962.5 b
FK0 738.0 ab 32.1 c 41.8 ab 8491.7 c
FK1 759.0 a 34.4 b 41.9 ab 9057.2 b
FK2 751.0 a 36.6 a 42.4 a 9547.6 a
土壤质地 Soil-texture (S) * ** NS **
施钾方式 Potassium application methods (P) NS ** NS **
土壤质地×施钾方式 S× P NS * NS *
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