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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (11): 2250-2257.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.02078

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

江淮稻-麦两熟种植制度对气候变暖的适应

陈长青1(), 李伟玮1, 朱相成2, 刘菁1, 李刚华1, 许轲3, 江瑜1, 丁艳锋1,*()   

  1. 1南京农业大学 / 江苏省现代作物生产协同创新中心, 江苏南京 210095
    2宜春学院生命科学与资源环境学院, 江西宜春 336000
    3扬州大学 / 农业农村部长江流域稻作技术创新中心 / 江苏省作物遗传生理国家重点实验室培育点, 江苏扬州 225009
  • 收稿日期:2020-11-17 接受日期:2021-04-26 出版日期:2021-11-12 网络出版日期:2021-05-17
  • 通讯作者: 丁艳锋
  • 作者简介:E-mail: cn828@njau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0300100);江苏省省级现代农业发展计划项目(2019-SJ-039-07)

Adaption of rice-wheat cropping system to climate warming in Jianghuai area

CHEN Chang-Qing1(), LI Wei-Wei1, ZHU Xiang-Cheng2, LIU Jing1, LI Gang-Hua1, XU Ke3, JIANG Yu1, DING Yan-Feng1,*()   

  1. 1Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
    2College of life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, Jiangxi, China
    3Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in the Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2020-11-17 Accepted:2021-04-26 Published:2021-11-12 Published online:2021-05-17
  • Contact: DING Yan-Feng
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0300100);Provincial-level Modern Agricultural Development Program in Jiangsu(2019-SJ-039-07)

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摘要：

气候变暖日益加剧, 近100年来全球地表平均气温已经上升近1.0°C。稻-麦两熟是苏、皖江淮地区的主流种植制度, 但江淮稻-麦两熟种植制度对气候变暖的适应还不清楚。为此, 我们利用34个气象站点和45个物候站点多年历史数据分析了江淮稻-麦两熟区气温升高特征和作物物候变化规律。研究表明, 江淮地区增温幅度区域上南高北低, 熟季间麦季高稻季低, 月份间3月份最高。水稻季, 江南地区播种期推迟3.4 d 10a-1、淮南抽穗期提早2 d 10a-1、淮北收获期推迟6.2 d 10a-1。小麦季, 江南播种期推迟6.4 d 10a-1、全区域抽穗期和收获期有提早的趋势。稻-麦茬口期淮北缩短4.6 d 10a-1、江南延长6.9 d 10a-1。水稻、小麦各生育阶段平均温度没有显著变化、花后有效积温大多呈增加趋势。水稻季积温生产效率变化不大, 小麦季积温生产效率提高了0.008~0.346 kg hm-2°C-1 10a-1。气温升高降低了江南和淮南地区小麦产量和淮南地区水稻产量, 但增加了淮北地区小麦产量。研究结果表明江淮稻-麦两熟种植制度正逐步适应了气候变暖, 通过合理改变播期可以减缓气候变暖对作物产量的负面影响; 可为气候变化适应性栽培和耕作技术创新提供参考。

关键词: 稻-麦两熟, 增温特征, 物候特征, 积温生产效率

Abstract:

As the climate warming is increasing, the global average surface temperature has risen by nearly 1°C in the past 100 years. Rice-wheat cropping system is the mainstream cropping system in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, but its adaptation to climate warming is still unclear. We analyzed the characteristics of temperature rise and crop phenological changes in the rice-wheat double cropping area of Jiangsu using the historical data from 34 meteorological stations and 45 phenological stations over the years. The results revealed that the range of temperature increase in Jianghuai area was higher in the south than in the north, higher in wheat season and lower in rice ripe season, and the highest in March. In the rice season, the sowing date in Jiangnan was delayed by 3.4 d 10a-1, the heading date in Huainan was advanced by 2 d 10a-1, and the harvest date in Huaibei was delayed by 6.2 d 10a-1. In the wheat season, the sowing date in Jiangnan was delayed by 6.4 d 10a-1, and the heading and harvest time tended to be earlier in the whole region. The rice-wheat stubble stage was shortened by 4.6 d 10a-1 in Huaibei and 6.9 d 10a-1 in Jiangnan. The average temperature of rice and wheat during growth period had no significant change, but the effective accumulated temperature post anthesis was increasing. There was no significant change of the production efficiency of accumulated temperature in rice season, while the production efficiency of accumulated temperature in wheat season increased by 0.008-0.346 kg hm-2°C-1 10a-1. Warming decreased wheat yields in the north of Yangtze River and Huainan area, but increased wheat yield in Huaibei area. In summary, these results indicated that the rice-wheat cropping system in Jianghuai was gradually adapting to the climate warming, and the negative effects of climate warming on crop yield could be alleviated by reasonably changing sowing date. Our findings can provide reference for climate change adaptation cultivation and cultivation technology innovation.

Key words: rice-wheat rotation system, temperature rise characteristic, phenological change, production efficiency of accumulated temperature

表1

江淮地区分区及气候特征(1980-2018)"

区域
Region		 包含城市
Prefectural-level city		 面积
Area
(km2)		 年平均温度
Average
temperature
(°C)		 平均年降雨量
Precipitation
(mm)		 平均年日照时数
Sunshine duration
(h)
淮北
Huaibei		 阜阳, 亳州, 淮北, 蚌埠, 徐州, 宿迁, 淮阴, 连云港, 盐城
Fuyang, Bozhou, Huaibei, Bengbu, Xuzhou, Suqian, Huaiyin, Lianyungang, Yancheng		 89,560 14.9 915 2117
淮南
Huainan		 六安, 合肥, 淮南, 滁州, 扬州, 泰州, 南通
Lu’an, Hefei, Huainan, Chuzhou, Yangzhou, Taizhou, Nantong		 72,210 15.7 1097 1935
江南
Jiangnan		 南京, 镇江, 常州, 无锡, 苏州
Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Changzhou, Wuxi, Suzhou		 27,540 16.4 1165 1898
全区
Whole region		 189,310 15.4 1021 2016

图1

江淮地区气象站点(A)和物候站(B)点空间分布 地图来源: 全国地理信息资源目录服务系统(https://www.webmap.cn/)。"

图2

江淮地区每月温度及其变化"

表2

江淮地区小麦季和水稻季增温趋势(1980-2018)"

生长季
Growing season		 区域
Region		 平均温度
Average temperature		 最高温度
Maximum temperature		 最低温度
Minimum temperature
水稻生长季
Rice growing season
(6月-10月)
(Jun.-Oct.)		 淮北Huaibei 0.3283** 0.2704** 0.3950**
淮南Huainan 0.3678** 0.3936** 0.3713**
江南Jiangnan 0.5125** 0.4860** 0.5471**
全区Whole region 0.3700** 0.3446** 0.4104**
小麦生长季
Wheat growing season
(11月-5月)
(Nov.-May)		 淮北Huaibei 0.4502** 0.3636** 0.5001**
淮南Huainan 0.4691** 0.5177** 0.4301**
江南Jiangnan 0.6108** 0.5540** 0.6580**
全区Whole region 0.4791** 0.4407** 0.4997**

表3

江淮地区小麦和水稻物候变化趋势(1990-2013)"

作物
Crop		 区域
Region		 播种期
Sowing date		 抽穗期
Heading stage		 收获期
Harvest stage		 VGP RGP WGP 稻-麦茬口
Rice-wheat stubble
水稻
Rice		 淮北Huaibei 1.462 1.649 6.234** 0.186 4.585** 4.771** -4.6**
淮南Huainan -1.101 -1.993* -2.417 -0.892 -0.423 -1.316 1.3
江南Jiangnan 3.416** -0.011 0.452 -3.427** 0.463 -2.964** 6.9**
全区Whole region 1.259 -0.119 1.423 -1.378 1.542* 0.164 0.1
小麦
Wheat		 淮北Huaibei 2.360 -1.423 0.215 -3.783 1.637 -2.146
淮南Huainan -0.327 -1.807 -1.304 -1.479 0.503 -0.977
江南Jiangnan 6.482** -1.270 -1.942 -7.753** -0.672 -8.425**
全区Whole region 1.697 -1.561 -0.609 -3.259 0.953 -2.306

图3

小麦和水稻积温生产效率"

表5

小麦和水稻产量变化趋势及积温生产效率趋势(1993-2009)"

区域
Region		 产量变化趋势
Yield trend
(kg hm-2 10a-1)		 积温生产效率趋势
Accumulated temperature production efficiency trend
(kg hm-2 °C-1 10a-1)
小麦
Wheat		 水稻
Rice		 周年
Annual		 小麦
Wheat		 水稻
Rice		 周年
Annual
淮北Huaibei 485.84** 126.31** 612.15** 0.544** 0.056 0.229**
淮南Huainan 445.12** 232.27** 677.40** 0.552** 0.138* 0.292**
江南Jiangnan 80.38** 193.71** 274.08** 0.365** 0.096 0.194**
全区Whole region 449.84** 188.30** 638.14** 0.536** 0.110 0.237**

图4

温度对水稻和小麦产量的影响 A: 最高温度; B: 最低温度; C: 平均温度。"

表4

小麦和水稻各生育阶段平均温度和积温变化(1990-2013)"

作物
Crop		 区域
Region		 平均温度趋势
Average temperature trend		 积温变化趋势
Accumulated temperature variation
VGP RGP WGP VGP RGP WGP
水稻
Rice		 淮北Huaibei 0.427 0.760 0.061 5.559 7.238 12.835
淮南Huainan 0.263 0.359 0.293 0.718 0.362 1.198
江南Jiangnan 0.949 0.483 0.765 0.532 3.442 4.163
全区Whole region 0.536 0.071 0.345 3.297 1.379 1.793
小麦
Wheat		 淮北Huaibei -0.096 0.122 0.067 -3.728 3.814 0.276
淮南Huainan -0.001 0.021 0.042 -0.865 1.118 0.281
江南Jiangnan 0.027 0.254 0.127 -5.736 -0.233 -5.946
全区Whole region -0.027 0.014 0.063 -2.335 2.077 -0.158
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