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作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (6): 1451-1462.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14051

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

大田作物在不同盐碱地的饲料价值评价

王旺年1,4(), 葛均筑2, 杨海昌3, 阴法庭3, 黄太利5, 蒯婕1, 王晶1, 汪波1,*(), 周广生1, 傅廷栋1   

  1. 1华中农业大学植物科学技术学院, 湖北武汉 430070
    2天津农学院农学与资源环境学院, 天津 300384
    3石河子大学农学院, 新疆石河子 832003
    4玉林市农业科学院/广西农业科学院玉林分院, 广西玉林 537000
    5大冶市畜牧兽医局, 湖北大冶 435100
  • 收稿日期:2021-03-31 接受日期:2021-10-19 出版日期:2022-06-12 网络出版日期:2021-11-25
  • 通讯作者: 汪波
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1215646369@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目“大田经济作物优质丰产的生理基础与调控”(2018YFD1000900);新疆生产建设兵团重大科技项目(2018AA005-1);新疆生产建设兵团科技合作计划项目(2020BC001);宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划项目(2018BBF02003)

Adaptation of feed crops to saline-alkali soil stress and effect of improving saline-alkali soil

WANG Wang-Nian1,4(), GE Jun-Zhu2, YANG Hai-Chang3, YIN Fa-Ting3, HUANG Tai-Li5, KUAI Jie1, WANG Jing1, WANG Bo1,*(), ZHOU Guang-Sheng1, FU Ting-Dong1   

  1. 1College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
    2College of Agriculture and Resource Environment, Tianjin Agricultural College, Tianjin 300384, China
    3Agricultural College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
    4Yulin Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Yulin Branch of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yulin 537000, Guangxi, China
    5Daye Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau, Daye 435100, Hubei, China
  • Received:2021-03-31 Accepted:2021-10-19 Published:2022-06-12 Published online:2021-11-25
  • Contact: WANG Bo
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China “Physiological Basis and Agronomic Management for High-quality and High-yield of Field Cash Crops”(2018YFD1000900);Key Science and Technology Project in the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(2018AA005-1);Science and Technology Cooperation Project of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(2020BC001);Key Research and Development Program in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(2018BBF02003)

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摘要：

我国盐碱地分布广、面积大。在盐碱地选种有饲料价值的作物, 实现种养循环, 对推动我国草食畜牧业的发展及盐碱地改良具有重要意义。本研究分别在天津滨海盐碱地(NaCl型)和新疆西北内陆盐碱地(Na2SO4-NaHCO3型)选取盐碱度差异大的地块, 种植具有饲料价值的玉米、高粱、小麦、谷子、大豆、油菜等大田作物, 测定生物学产量、植株粗蛋白含量、钠离子、钾离子含量等指标。结果表明, 在NaCl型和Na2SO4-NaHCO3型盐碱地, 当其含盐量分别低于1.82 g kg-1和2.00 g kg-1时, 各作物生物学及蛋白质产量均与常规耕地接近, 可作为饲料生产基地加以利用; 当Na2SO4-NaHCO3型盐碱地含盐量达2.49 g kg-1时, 油菜生物学及蛋白质产量均显著高于其他作物, 因此可种植油菜作饲料开发利用; 当NaCl型和Na2SO4-NaHCO3型盐碱地含盐量分别达3.63 g kg-1和4.42 g kg-1时, 各作物生物学及蛋白质产量均低于常规耕地的51.72%, 利用价值低, 建议改良后利用。在两试验点的不同地块, 油菜对土壤Na+的富集量均显著高于其他作物(P<0.05), 同时也显著降低了土壤全盐量和Na+含量。本试验中, 在含盐量分别为1.82、2.00、2.49 g kg-1的地块中, 油菜富集Na+效果最为明显, 油菜对土壤Na+的富集量分别为39.45、102.24、57.19 kg hm-2, 分别占0~20 cm耕层土壤Na+的13.02%、15.99%、8.94%, 盐碱地改良效果显著。上述结果为利用我国盐碱地进行草食饲料原料生产, 促进草食畜牧业发展及盐碱地改良提供了参考。

关键词: 饲料作物, 生物学产量, 粗蛋白产量, 土壤盐含量, Na+含量

Abstract:

Saline-alkali land widely distributes with large area in China. It is of great significance to select forage crops and realize planting and breeding cycle in saline-alkali land to promote the development of herbivorous animal husbandry and the improvement of saline-alkali land in China. In this study, the plots with high salinity difference were selected from the coastal saline-alkali land in Tianjin (NaCl type) and the inland saline-alkali land in northwest Xinjiang (Na2SO4-NaHCO3 type), respectively, and six field crops such as corn, sorghum, wheat, millet, soybean, and rapeseed with feed value were planted to determine the biomass, crude protein content, sodium and potassium ion content, and other indicators. The results were as follows. When the salt content was less than 1.82 g kg-1 and 2.00 g kg-1 in saline-alkali land NaCl type and Na2SO4-NaHCO3 type, respectively. The biomass and crude protein yield of the crops were close to those of conventional cultivated land, suggesting that saline-alkali land in low salt content could be used as forage production base. When the salt content reached 2.49 g kg-1 in the Na2SO4-NaHCO3 type saline-alkali soil, the biomass and crude protein yield of rapeseed were significantly higher than other crops. Thus, in the Na2SO4-NaHCO3 type saline-alkali soil with salt content lower than 2.49 g kg-1, rapeseed could be planted for fodder development and utilization. When the salt content in saline-alkali land of NaCl type and Na2SO4-NaHCO3 type reached 3.63 g kg-1 and 4.42 g kg-1, respectively. The biomass and crude protein yield of each crop was lower than 51.72% of that in conventional cultivated land, which made the utilization value of the cultivated land low. Therefore, it was recommended to use these saline-alkali land of NaCl type and Na2SO4-NaHCO3 with high content salt and alkali after improvement. In the different plots of the two experimental sites, the enrichment of Na+ in soil by rapeseed was significantly higher than the other crops at P < 0.05, and it also significantly reduced the total soil salt and Na + content. In this experiment, in plots with salinity of 1.82, 2.00, and 2.49 g kg-1, rapeseed had the most obvious Na+ enrichment effect. The enrichment of rapeseed on soil Na+ was 39.45, 102.24, and 57.19 kg hm-2 respectively, accounting for 13.02%, 15.99%, and 8.94% of the Na+ in the 0-20 cm cultivated layer soil, respectively. The improvement effect of rapeseed on saline-alkali land was significant. The above results provide a reference for the utilization of the saline-alkali land in China for the production of herbivorous feed raw materials, the promotion of the development of herbivorous animal husbandry, and the improvement of saline-alkali land.

Key words: forage crops, biomass, crude protein yield, soil salt content, Na+ content

表1

供试土壤主要离子的含量"

地块Plot Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ $CO_{3}^{2-}$ $HCO_{3}^{-}$ Cl- $SO_{3}^{2-}$
X1 0.10 0.01 0.17 0.12 0.01 0.10 0.17 0.06
X2 0.22 0.03 0.36 0.09 0.02 0.27 0.07 0.33
X3 0.61 0.13 1.04 0.04 0.07 0.85 0.20 0.90
X4 0.11 0.02 0.24 0.13 0.01 0.17 0.20 0.11
X5 0.41 0.03 0.79 0.02 0.05 0.58 0.18 0.57
T1 0.22 0.02 0.32 0.14 0.01 0.22 0.45 0.15
T2 0.58 0.02 0.52 0.13 0.00 0.16 1.69 0.52

表2

供试土壤的主要指标参数"

地块
Plot		 pH 容重
Bulk density
(g cm-3)		 碱解氮
Alkaline N
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 含盐量
Salt content
(g kg-1)
X1 7.78±0.21 1.44±0.02 89.36±13.29 19.74±6.91 142.62±18.14 13.66±3.25 2.34±0.28 1.39±0.23
X2 8.25±0.23 1.39±0.02 45.87±5.15 9.88±2.57 186.81±39.21 7.58±1.03 1.20±0.11 2.49±0.28
X3 8.41±0.09 1.50±0.02 20.16±2.92 11.02±2.20 139.71±13.08 8.32±1.20 0.53±0.06 6.20±1.22
X4 7.87±0.13 1.40±0.02 45.77±3.89 11.16±1.26 101.98±3.27 21.59±0.50 1.26±0.03 1.82±0.14
X5 8.12±0.48 1.47±0.01 20.28±1.84 16.32±1.07 159.28±10.09 10.51±1.03 0.54±0.05 4.46±0.44
T1 7.82±0.10 1.55±0.03 30.89±2.03 13.25±0.66 60.00±3.23 10.51±0.52 0.79±0.05 2.00±0.26
T2 8.36±0.05 1.49±0.01 33.19±1.91 7.11±1.42 47.00±7.78 11.67±1.53 0.77±0.05 3.63±0.76

图1

不同含盐量地块作物粗蛋白含量差异 柱上不同小写字母表示同一试验点同一含盐量地块不同作物粗蛋白含量在0.05水平差异显著, **表示在0.01水平差异显著。新疆试验点X1、X2、X3、X4、X5地块的土壤含盐量分别为1.39、2.49、6.20、1.82和4.46 g kg-1, 天津试验点T1、T2地块的土壤含盐量分别为2.00 g kg-1和3.63 g kg-1。"

图2

不同含盐量地块作物生物学产量、粗蛋白产量差异 柱上不同小写字母表示同一试验点同一含盐量地块不同作物产量潜力在0.05水平差异显著,**表示在0.01水平差异显著。新疆试验点X1、X2、X3、X4、X5地块的土壤含盐量分别为1.39、2.49、6.20、1.82、4.46 g kg-1,天津试验点T1、T2地块的土壤含盐量分别为2.00 g kg-1、3.63 g kg-1。"

表3

作物生物学产量和粗蛋白产量生产潜力"

产量
Yield		 试验点
Place		 土壤盐分
Soil salinity
(g kg-1)		 作物产量潜力 Crop yield potential (%)
谷子
Millet		 小麦
Wheat		 油菜
Rapeseed		 高粱
Sorghum		 玉米
Maize		 大豆
Soybean
生物学产量 新疆 1.39 47.36 b 32.34 c 51.46 b 73.70 b 100.00 a —
Biomass yield Xinjiang 1.82 50.10 a 36.20 bc 51.99 b 86.78 a 87.93 b 45.40 a
2.49 27.50 d 43.77 a 61.89 a 41.15 c 52.53 d —
4.46 20.40 e 37.04 b 21.89 d 37.45 c 24.88 e 15.89 d
6.20 7.38 f 20.58 d 12.99 e 8.11 e 8.30 f —
天津 2.00 35.42 c 34.57 bc 43.24 c 68.62 b 68.65 c 36.69 b
Tianjin 3.63 8.69 f 19.23 d 20.97 d 20.00 d 11.17 f 19.80 c
粗蛋白产量 新疆 1.39 55.87 b 48.84 b 100.00 c 96.61 a 99.23 a —
Protein yield Xinjiang 1.82 78.15 a 46.71 b 116.76 b 98.18 a 59.98 c 103.10 a
2.49 36.53 d 61.36 a 128.18 a 61.89 b 50.23 d —
4.46 31.73 e 38.10 c 37.46 d 51.72 c 20.52 e 31.52 c
6.20 12.14 f 24.32 d 19.45 e 11.66 d 6.98 f —
天津 2.00 47.62 c 56.68 a 104.08 c 94.01 a 78.49 b 68.19 b
Tianjin 3.63 8.62 g 28.56 d 22.05 e 15.19 d 10.96 f 34.26 c

图3

不同含盐量地块作物地上部分Na+、K+含量和K+/Na+ 柱上不同小写字母表示同一试验点同一含盐量地块不同作物地上部离子含量在0.05水平差异显著, Ns表示差异不显著, **表示在0.01水平差异显著。新疆试验点X1、X2、X3、X4、X5地块的土壤含盐量分别为1.39、2.49、6.20、1.82和4.46 g kg-1, 天津试验点T1、T2地块的土壤含盐量分别为2.00 g kg-1和3.63 g kg-1。"

表4

作物对土壤Na+的吸收"

2018年
作物及土壤
Crops and soil
in 2018		 钠离子吸收量
Na+ absorption mass (kg hm-2)		 2019年
作物及土壤
Crops and soil
in 2019		 钠离子吸收量
Na+ absorption mass (kg hm-2)
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 T1 T2
谷子Millet 3.07 d 2.67 c 1.32 d 谷子Millet 4.97 bc 2.65 b 21.94 b 3.48 d
小麦Wheat 4.04 c 5.99 b 7.86 c 小麦Wheat 3.10 c 2.50 b 14.32 c 7.54 b
油菜Rapeseed 23.34 a 57.19 a 22.01 a 油菜Rapeseed 39.45 a 22.88 a 102.24 a 19.13 a
高粱Sorghum 5.69 b 3.89 bc 1.31 d 高粱Sorghum 7.29 b 3.12 b 9.92 d 2.65 d
玉米Maize 6.21 b 3.39 bc 9.70 b 玉米Maize 8.59 b 2.88 b 8.85 d 2.79 d
— — — — 大豆Soybean 1.45 c 3.40 b 8.87 d 6.13 c
耕层Tillage 305.65 639.85 1766.99 耕层Tillage 302.98 1191.17 639.36 1671.55

表5

种植作物后土壤有机质、全盐、钠离子含量变化"

指标
Indicator		 2018 处理Treatment 2019 处理Treatment
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 T1 T2
有机质 对照 CK 12.49 e 7.11 e 14.35 c 对照 CK 21.63 c 10.66 c 14.52 d 10.38 f
Organic 谷子Millet 20.87 b 8.51 d 18.23 a 谷子Millet 25.43 b 12.38 b 19.51 b 23.05 b
matter 小麦Wheat 22.08 a 7.75 e 16.32 b 小麦Wheat 27.30 a 14.80 a 23.22 a 18.58 e
(g kg-1) 油菜Rapeseed 15.95 d 13.19 a 18.10 a 油菜Rapeseed 22.47 c 14.39 a 22.63 a 22.56 bc
高粱Sorghum 19.27 c 11.37 b 16.09 b 高粱Sorghum 22.99 c 12.80 b 22.59 a 24.38 a
玉米Maize 13.49 e 9.79 c 19.15 a 玉米Maize 23.00 c 12.60 b 15.91 c 21.60 c
— — — — 大豆Soybean 21.95 c 14.48 a 22.61 a 20.15 d
全盐 对照 CK 1.69 a 2.79 a 6.87 c 对照 CK 2.30 ab 4.24 b 2.41 a 3.18 a
Total salt 谷子Millet 1.36 c 2.57 b 7.24 b 谷子Millet 2.26 b 4.23 b 2.06 b 2.85 b
(g kg-1) 小麦Wheat 1.27 d 2.53 bc 6.73 c 小麦Wheat 2.43 a 4.04 b 2.10 b 2.67 bc
油菜Rapeseed 1.02 e 1.86 d 5.56 d 油菜Rapeseed 1.33 e 3.42 c 1.31 c 2.14 d
高粱Sorghum 1.46 b 2.47 bc 8.25 a 高粱Sorghum 1.99 c 5.58 a 2.06 b 2.93 ab
玉米Maize 1.33 c 2.46 c 6.95 c 玉米Maize 1.79 d 5.47 a 2.05 b 2.42 cd
— — — — 大豆Soybean 1.67 d 4.21 b 1.99 b 2.63 bc
Na+ 对照 CK 137.49 a 253.51 a 684.64 c 对照 CK 286.00 a 468.50 bc 604.00 a 701.50 a
(mg kg-1) 谷子Millet 102.68 c 231.07 b 723.25 b 谷子Millet 140.25 bc 341.00 d 541.50 b 286.75 d
小麦Wheat 93.58 d 226.58 bc 669.45 c 小麦Wheat 143.50 bc 446.75 c 436.50 cd 435.17 b
油菜Rapeseed 67.25 e 155.67 d 546.38 d 油菜Rapeseed 129.00 c 251.25 e 276.25 f 235.00 e
高粱Sorghum 113.24 b 220.34 bc 829.79 a 高粱Sorghum 165.75 b 517.25 a 410.50 de 452.35 b
玉米Maize 99.27 cd 219.00 c 693.01 c 玉米Maize 155.50 bc 498.85 ab 448.50 c 375.75 c
— — — — 大豆Soybean 148.50 bc 483.75 abc 390.00 e 379.50 c
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