作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (11): 1694-1703.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01694
Cai ZHAO,Qiao-Mei WANG,Yao GUO,Wen YIN,Zhi-Long FAN,Fa-Long HU,Ai-Zhong YU,Qiang CHAI()
摘要:
前茬地膜玉米免耕种植后茬小麦水氮高效利用生产技术是绿洲灌区作物高效生产的新型农田管理技术。为构建该区地膜减量和水氮高效生产技术, 2015—2017年通过3年田间试验, 研究两种耕作方式、2种灌水水平和3个施氮量组合对小麦干物质积累和产量及产量构成的协同效应, 其中耕作方式为覆膜玉米茬免耕直播(NT)和玉米茬传统耕作(CT), 灌水量为传统灌水(I2)和传统灌水减量20% (I1), 施氮量为纯N 225 kg hm -2 (N3)、180 kg hm -2 (N2)和135 kg hm -2 (N1)。结果表明, 耕作方式、灌水水平、施氮量对小麦群体生长速率、干物质积累量均有显著影响。与CT相比, NT显著增大全生育期生长速率, 提高22.0%~28.0%, NT促进小麦地上干物质积累, 提高6.4%~7.4%, 收获期生物产量提高5.4%~15.1%。免耕低灌(NTI1)较传统耕作高灌(CTI2)的生长速率增大7.7%~13.4%, 干物质积累量提高3.1%~5.9%, 收获期生物产量提高8.7%~10.5%。免耕低灌中施氮(NTI1N2)较传统耕作高灌中、高施氮(CTI2N2、CTI2N3) 生长速率分别增大6.9%~20.5%与4.1%~14.0%, 收获期生物产量分别提高7.8%~9.7%与4.8%~10.2%。NT比CT增产10.1%~10.4%, NTI1较CTI2、CTI1分别增产13.0%~14.8%与9.4%~10.1%, NTI1N2比CTI2N2、CTI2N3分别增产3.7%~9.8%与15.2%~22.0%。从产量构成因素分析, NTI1N2提高了单位面积成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重, NTI1N2处理组合更有利于穗数、千粒重的增加。通径分析进一步证明, NTI1N2增产的主要原因是增加了单位面积穗数和千粒重。因此, 在施氮量为180 kg hm -2的基础上, 玉米茬地膜再利用免耕技术组装减少20%灌溉量(1920 m 3 hm -2)轮作小麦模式是河西灌区小麦高效生产的可行措施。
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