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作物学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (11): 1746-1755.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.81060

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

华北冬小麦开花期补灌的增产效应及其影响因素

张经廷,吕丽华,董志强,张丽华,姚艳荣,申海平,姚海坡,贾秀领()   

  1. 河北省农林科学院粮油作物研究所 / 农业农村部华北地区作物栽培科学观测实验站, 河北石家庄 050035
  • 收稿日期:2018-08-26 接受日期:2019-06-12 出版日期:2019-11-12 网络出版日期:2019-07-09
  • 通讯作者: 贾秀领
  • 作者简介:E-mail: jingting58@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31701373);河北省自然科学基金项目(C2018301050);河北省农业创新工程项目(C19C4896);河北省农业创新工程项目(C19C1101)

Yield-increasing effect of supplementary irrigation at winter wheat flowering and its influencing factors based on water and nitrogen coupling in north China

ZHANG Jing-Ting,LYU Li-Hua,DONG Zhi-Qiang,ZHANG Li-Hua,YAO Yan-Rong,SHEN Hai-Ping,YAO Hai-Po,JIA Xiu-Ling()   

  1. Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences / Scientific Observing Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of PRC, Shijiazhuang 050035, Hebei, China
  • Received:2018-08-26 Accepted:2019-06-12 Published:2019-11-12 Published online:2019-07-09
  • Contact: Xiu-Ling JIA
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31701373);the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(C2018301050);the Hebei Agricultural Innovation Project(C19C4896);the Hebei Agricultural Innovation Project(C19C1101)

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摘要：

为阐明华北地区冬小麦开花期补灌增产效应及其影响因素, 制定稳产节灌制度, 于2007—2016连续10年进行了大田定位试验, 研究在冬小麦拔节期灌水基础上, 播前底墒、长期不同施氮及生育期降水等对开花期补灌增产效应及水分利用的影响。裂区设计, 灌水量为主区, 设春灌1次水(拔节期75 mm, W1)和2次水(拔节期和开花期各75 mm, W2) 2个处理; 施氮量为副区, 设6个水平, 分别为0 (N0)、60 (N60)、120 (N120)、180 (N180)、240 (N240)、300 kg hm -2 (N300)。冬小麦开花期补灌增产效应受播前底墒影响显著, 播前2 m土体贮水量越大开花期补灌增产率越小。施氮水平也显著影响开花期补灌增产效应, 随着定位试验年限的增加, N0和N60处理土壤有机质和全氮含量逐年下降, 从第6年开始开花期补灌的增产效应基本丧失。在足墒播种和正常供氮(施氮量不低于120 kg hm -2)条件下, 开花期补灌的增产效应还受冬小麦生育期有效降水量的影响, 尤其是拔节-开花期的有效降水量。开花期补灌增产率随生育期以及开花后的有效降水量的增加而降低。拔节-开花期有效降水量大于25.3 mm时, 开花期补灌没有显著优化穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、生物量、收获指数等产量性状, 最终增产不显著; 此情景下, 拔节期灌1次水(75 mm左右), 即可在维持较高产量的前提下, 降低耗水、提高水分利用效率, 实现稳产与节水协同。本研究表明, 华北平原冬小麦在足墒播种、施氮量不低于120 kg hm -2、拔节期灌水前提下, 拔节-开花期有效降水量可作为开花期灌水与否的重要决策依据。

关键词: 冬小麦, 灌溉策略, 水氮耦合, 华北平原, 高产稳产

Abstract:

Facing the increasing water shortage in North China, new techniques for high-yield and less irrigation are urgently needed in winter wheat production. A 10-year successive field experiment was carried out from 2007 to 2016 to clarify the effects of soil water storage before sowing and effective precipitation in wheat growth duration on the yield-increasing efficiency of supplementary irrigation at flowering stage, as well as the interaction of irrigation with nitrogen (N) application rate. The objective of the study was to propose an applicable standard of irrigation for winter wheat in North China Plain. The plots were arranged in a split-plot design with the main factor of irrigation amount and sub-factor of N rate. On the condition that 75 mm water was given at jointing stage of wheat, the main-plots were assigned with supplementary water of 0 (W1) and 75 mm (W2) at flowering stage. The sub-plot treatments were N rate of 0 (N0), 60 (N60), 120 (N120), 180 (N180), 240 (N240), and 300 kg hm -2 (N300). The yield-increasing ratio of supplementary irrigation at flowering stage was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the water storage in 2 m soil body before sowing and influenced by soil N level. The soil organic matter and total N content of N0 and N60 declined gradually with the years of experiment, and no positive effect of W2 on yield was observed since the sixth year. Under the condition of adequate soil water before sowing and normal nitrogen supply (at least 120 kg hm -2), the effect of W2 on yield was also influenced by the effective precipitation during wheat growth, especially that from jointing to flowering stage. The yield-increasing ratio of W2 decreased with the increasing effective precipitation in wheat growing period. When the effective precipitation from jointing to flowering stage was more than 25.3 mm, W2 had no significant advantage on spike number, grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight, biomass, harvest index, and final grain yield, indicating that irrigation of 75 mm at jointing stage was available for water-saving, high water use efficiency and high yield level. In conclusion, under the condition of well soil water content before sowing, N application rate ≥120 kg hm -2 and irrigation at jointing stage, the effective precipitation from jointing to flowering might be considered as an important criterion to determine the necessity of supplementary irrigation at flowering stage of winter wheat in North China Plain.

Key words: winter wheat, irrigation regime, water and nitrogen coupling effect, North China Plain, high-stable-yield

表1

试验期间各年度降水量和灌水量"

年份 Year 小麦季总降水量
Precipitation of
wheat season		 拔节-开花期降水量
Precipitation from jointing to flowering stage		 W1处理灌水量
Irrigation amount of
W1 treatment		 W2处理灌水量 Irrigation amount of W2 treatment
拔节期
Jointing stage		 开花期
Flowering stage		 总量
Total
2007 125.4 11.7 67.5 67.5 74.5 142.0
2008 163.4 39.4 68.3 68.3 69.0 137.3
2009 67.3 0 75.0 75.0 67.5 142.5
2010 107.3 8.1 76.3 76.3 69.5 145.8
2011 71.5 0 78.2 78.2 72.4 150.6
2012 101.3 33.2 75.0 73.9 72.8 146.7
2013 94.6 22.3 75.0 75.8 74.6 150.4
2014 64.8 7.2 105.3 86.3 81.8 168.1
2015 99.1 25.7 76.8 76.8 77.6 154.4
2016 75.5 8.6 74.5 74.5 77.7 152.2

图1

冬小麦开花期补灌增产率与播前2 m土体贮水量的关系"

图2

不同施氮水平下冬小麦开花期补灌增产率的年度变化"

图3

不施氮和低量施氮条件下开花期补灌对冬小麦产量的影响"

图4

不同施氮水平耕层土壤有机质(a)与土壤全氮(b)含量逐年变化"

图5

冬小麦开花期补灌增产率与生育期有效降水量的关系"

图6

冬小麦开花期补灌增产率与拔节-开花期有效降水量的关系"

图7

冬小麦开花期补灌增产率与开花-成熟期有效降水量的关系"

表2

拔节-开花期两种降水情景下冬小麦产量性状及其对水氮的响应"

处理
Treatment		 拔节-开花期有效降水量不大于25.3 mm
Effective precipitation from jointing to flowering stage ≤ 25.3 mm		 拔节-开花期有效降水量大于25.3 mm
Effective precipitation from jointing to flowering stage > 25.3 mm
穗数
Spike number (×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain number
per spike		 千粒重1000-grain weight (g) 生物量
Biomass
(kg hm-2)		 收获指数Harvest index 穗数
Spike number (×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain number
per spike		 千粒重1000-grain weight (g) 生物量
Biomass
(kg hm-2)		 收获指数Harvest index
W1
N0 424.3 d 24.9 b 40.8 b 8313.3 d 0.43 b 517.8 c 27.3 b 45.0 a 8427.2 d 0.44 a
N60 558.0 c 29.8 a 41.0 b 10239.6 c 0.44 ab 582.3 b 29.7 a 44.6 a 12894.2 c 0.45 a
N120 567.0 c 29.9 a 38.7 c 12175.3 b 0.46 a 674.9 a 30.9 a 42.4 ab 14392.3 b 0.47 a
N180 625.1 ab 28.4 ab 38.4 c 11987.4 b 0.46 a 659.6 a 30.9 a 42.1 ab 14983.4 a 0.47 a
N240 617.3 ab 29.2 a 38.9 c 12319.4 b 0.45 a 671.3 a 31.2 a 41.9 b 15150.3 a 0.46 a
N300 604.8 ab 30.1 a 38.2 c 12233.0 b 0.45 a 676.0 a 30.3 a 41.7 b 15163.7 a 0.46 a
均值 Average 556.1 28.7 39.3 11211.3 0.45 630.3 30.0 42.9 13501.9 0.46
W2
N0 523.6 c 25.6 b 44.9 a 8542.6 d 0.43 b 540.9 c 26.4 b 44.6 a 8745.8 d 0.44 a
N60 589.3 bc 31.5 a 43.6 a 10443.1 c 0.45 a 534.9 c 27.7 b 44.8 a 12561.9 c 0.45 a
N120 618.3 ab 32.2 a 41.4 b 14885.7 a 0.47 a 684.6 a 30.8 a 44.0 a 14722.9 ab 0.48 a
N180 663.2 a 32.1 a 41.5 b 15145.5 a 0.46 a 685.5 a 30.5 a 43.3 a 15059.6 a 0.47 a
N240 662.7 a 32.9 a 41.3 b 14665.9 a 0.46 a 684.5 a 32.4 a 43.3 a 15244.9 a 0.47 a
N300 667.0 a 32.6 a 41.5 b 15143.2 a 0.45 a 696.8 a 31.3 a 43.0 a 15307.8 a 0.46 a
均值 Average 620.7 31.1 42.3 13137.7 0.45 637.8 29.8 43.8 13607.1 0.46

图8

冬小麦拔节-开花期有效降水量大于25 mm时2个灌溉处理作物耗水及水分利用特征比较 数据为2006-2016年试验期内拔节-开花期有效降水量大于25.3 mm年份的平均值, 误差线上不同字母表示处理间在0.05水平显著差异(LSD法, P<0.05)。"

表3

冬小麦籽粒产量、耗水量、水分利用效率之间的相关分析"

指标
Index		 相关系数Correlation coefficient P值 P-value
籽粒产量
Grain yield		 土壤耗水量
Soil water
consumption		 总耗水量
Total water consumption		 籽粒产量
Grain yield		 土壤耗水量
Soil water
consumption		 总耗水量
Total water consumption
土壤耗水量
Soil water consumption		 0.570 0.004
总耗水量
Total water consumption		 0.447 -0.120 0.028 0.576
水分利用效率
Water use efficiency		 0.748 0.842 -0.528 0.000 0.000 0.032

图9

1986-2018年石家庄藁城区(市)冬小麦拔节-开花期间有效降水量 数据来自石家庄气象局和试验站内田间气象站。"

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