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作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (4): 952-961.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12007

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

绿肥稻秆协同还田下氮肥减量的增产和培肥短期效应

王吕1(), 崔月贞1, 吴玉红1, 郝兴顺1,*(), 张春辉1, 王俊义1, 刘怡欣2, 李小刚1, 秦宇航1   

  1. 1汉中市农业科学研究所, 陕西汉中 723000
    2云南大学数学与统计学, 云南昆明 650000
  • 收稿日期:2021-02-04 接受日期:2021-07-12 出版日期:2022-04-12 网络出版日期:2021-08-06
  • 通讯作者: 郝兴顺
  • 作者简介:E-mail: wanglv060693@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    陕西省农业协同创新与推广联盟(LM202001);陕西省重点研发计划项目资助(2019ZDLNY01-05-01)

Effects of rice stalks mulching combined with green manure (Astragalus smicus L.) incorporated into soil and reducing nitrogen fertilizer rate on rice yield and soil fertility

WANG Lyu1(), CUI Yue-Zhen1, WU Yu-Hong1, HAO Xing-Shun1,*(), ZHANG Chun-Hui1, WANG Jun-Yi1, LIU Yi-Xin2, LI Xiao-Gang1, QIN Yu-Hang1   

  1. 1Hanzhong Agricultural Research Institute, Hanzhong 723000, Shaanxi, China
    2School of Mathematics and Statistics, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
  • Received:2021-02-04 Accepted:2021-07-12 Published:2022-04-12 Published online:2021-08-06
  • Contact: HAO Xing-Shun
  • Supported by:
    Shaanxi Agricultural Collaborative Innovation and Extension Alliance(LM202001);Shaanxi Provincial Key Research and Devel-opment Program(2019ZDLNY01-05-01)

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摘要：

稻田绿肥秸秆协同还田是稻田培肥地力的有效措施, 本文基于2年田间试验研究了绿肥稻秆协同还田下氮肥减量对水稻产量、产量构成要素及土壤养分含量的影响。试验于2018—2020年在陕西省汉中市汉台区进行, 设置5个处理: (1) 冬闲+水稻秸秆不还田+不施肥(CK); (2) 冬闲+水稻秸秆不还田+常规施氮(NPK); (3) 冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+常规施氮(GRN1); (4) 冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+减氮20% (GRN2); (5) 冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+减氮30% (GRN3)。结果表明: 水稻产量方面, 年际间差异较大, 2019年度GRN1处理‘荃香优1521’产量最高为10,047 kg hm-2, 显著高于NPK处理, 增幅为6.7%; 其次为GRN2和GRN3, 但与NPK差异不显著; 2020年度GRN2和GRN3处理‘黄华占’产量较NPK处理显著增加, 增幅分别为6.6%和5.8%。绿肥稻秆协同还田处理均可以显著提高水稻产量, 较CK和NPK增幅分别为67.9%~83.0%和2.8%~6.7%。土壤养分方面, 紫云英稻秆协同还田提高了耕层0~20 cm土壤有机碳和速效磷, GRN2处理较NPK处理分别提高了6.8%~13.2%和9.9%~12.6%。相关分析表明, 水稻株高、单株鲜重、根茬鲜重、每穗实粒数及千粒重与水稻产量呈显著正相关, 与NPK相比, 2年GRN2处理可以显著提高水稻有效穗13.0%~29.3%, 每穗实粒数4.5%~14.3%; GRN2处理可以显著提高水稻株高10.4%, 单株鲜重23.6%, 根茬鲜重30.0%。紫云英-水稻轮作条件下, 绿肥稻秆协同还田同时氮肥减量20%, 提高了水稻产量性状及农艺性状, 增强了土壤汇碳功能, 增加了土壤养分, 从而有利于维持水稻稳产高产, 是适宜汉中地区的水稻绿色种植模式。

关键词: 紫云英-水稻轮作, 秸秆还田, 水稻产量, 产量构成因素, 土壤养分

Abstract:

Planting green manure and straw retention is an effective measure to improve soil fertility. Two-year field experiment were conducted to assess the effects of reduced nitrogen rate under the rice straw mulching combined with planting green manure (Astragalus sinicus L.) at full bloom stage on rice yield, yield components, and soil nutrient availability in Hantai district, Hanzhong city, Shaanxi province from 2018 to 2020. Five treatments were assigned: (1) CK, winter fallow, no straw mulching, no fertilization; (2) NPK, winter fallow, no straw mulching, conventional nitrogen fertilizer rate; (3) GRN1, planting green manure in winter, rice straw mulching with conventional N fertilizer rate; (4) GRN2, planting green manure in winter, rice straw mulching with 80% conventional N rate; (5) GRN3, green manure planting in winter, rice straw mulching with 70% conventional N rate. The results showed that: (I) rice yield (Quanxiangyou 1521) of GRN1 was 10,047 kg hm-2, which was higher 6.7% than that of NPK, and GRN2 and GRN3 had marginal effects in 2019. Moreover, the yield (Huanghuazhan) of GRN2 and GRN3 were significantly higher than that of NPK by 6.6% and 5.8% in 2020, respectively. Compared with CK and NPK, the rice straw mulching combined with planting green manure significantly enhanced the rice yield by 67.9%-83.0% and 2.8%-6.7%, respectively. (II) Planting green manure combined with rice straw mulching increased soil organic carbon content and available P content in 0-20 soil layer. Compared with NPK treatment, soil organic carbon and available P content of GRN2 increased 6.8%-13.2% and 9.9%-12.6%, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated that rice yield was significantly correlated with plant height, fresh weight per plant, fresh root stubble weight, filled grain number per panicle, and 1000-grain weight. Compared with NPK, GRN2 significantly increased effective panicle, effective grain number per panicle by 13.0%-29.3% and 4.5%-14.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, GRN2 significantly increased plant height, fresh weight per plant, and root fresh weight by 10.4%, 23.6%, and 30.0%, respectively. In conclusion, rice stalks mulching combined planting green manure with 20% reduced nitrogen rate can improve rice yield and agronomic performance, enlarge soil carbon sequestration capacity, and increase soil nutrients availability, which is a green rice cultural practice adapted to Hanzhong area.

Key words: Chinese milk vetch-rice rotation system, rice straw returning, rice yield, yield components, soil nutrient

图1

不同处理水稻产量的变化 CK: 冬闲+水稻秸秆不还田+不施肥; NPK: 冬闲+水稻秸秆不还田+常规施氮; GRN1: 冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+常规施氮; GRN2: 冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+减氮20%; GRN3: 冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+减氮30%。不同字母表示在 0.05 水平上差异显著。"

表2

不同处理对土壤养分的影响"

年度
Season		 处理
Treatment		 pH 碱解氮
Alkali-resolving N (mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)		 土壤有机碳
TOC
(g kg-1)
2018-2019 CK 6.18±0.04 a 57.67±5.43 c 7.80±0.40 c 68.97±1.80 b 6.55±0.27 c
NPK 6.15±0.13 a 79.92±3.71 b 8.60±0.25 b 71.92±0.62 ab 7.37±0.86 b
GRN1 6.08±0.11 a 84.58±0.88 b 9.01±0.21 b 73.39±6.08 a 8.23±0.59 a
GRN2 6.07±0.09 a 95.08±2.67 a 11.42±0.62 a 75.82±3.62 a 8.34±0.53 a
GRN3 6.18±0.16 a 94.50±6.48 a 8.86±0.63 b 72.41±3.11 ab 7.71±0.78 ab
2019-2020 CK 6.31±0.02 ab 19.61±0.22 c 14.59±0.83 c 76.24±1.94 c 8.82±0.31 c
NPK 6.32±0.02 a 21.56±0.43 b 15.20±0.50 bc 76.37±1.54 c 9.14±0.11 bc
GRN1 6.23±0.05 c 21.97±0.09 ab 16.21±0.71 ab 81.66±1.39 b 9.24±0.31 bc
GRN2 6.26±0.04 bc 22.37±0.51 a 16.64±0.77 a 85.84±1.36 a 9.76±0.27 a
GRN3 6.34±0.01 a 22.25±0.21 a 15.94±0.69 ab 84.82±1.60 a 9.49±0.19 ab
方差分析ANOVA
年度Season (S) * — ** * *
氮肥Nitrogen (N) NS — ** ** **
年度×氮肥 S×N NS — ** ** NS

图2

水稻产量要素相关性分析 RY: 水稻产量; EP: 有效穗; FGPP: 每穗实粒数; KGW: 千粒重。"

表1

不同处理对水稻产量构成因素的影响"

年度
Season		 处理
Treatment		 有效穗
Effective panicle
(×104 hm-2)		 每穗实粒数
Filled grain number per panicle		 千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)		 结实率
Seed setting rate
(%)
2018-2019 CK 150.15±2.50 c 120.11±1.45 c 30.60±0.18 b 93.34±1.06 a
NPK 254.80±2.95 b 137.96±0.93 b 31.00±0.56 ab 92.53±2.68 a
GRN1 280.80±6.35 a 153.36±6.08 a 31.54±0.56 a 91.76±2.31 a
GRN2 287.95±5.00 a 157.77±4.34 a 31.92±0.66 a 91.85±0.11 a
GRN3 279.82±5.85 a 136.86±7.13 b 31.68±0.44 a 90.86±0.21 a
2019-2020 CK 122.85±5.84 d 133.92±1.56 c 20.69±0.43 c 96.07±0.14 a
NPK 222.41±5.74 c 141.29±1.12 b 21.51±0.41 b 95.83±0.45 ab
GRN1 264.98±5.82 b 146.14±0.80 ab 22.12±0.63 ab 94.88±0.26 ab
GRN2 287.62±3.47 a 147.71±3.17 a 22.93±0.45 a 94.84±0.46 b
GRN3 259.35±7.95 b 143.24±1.02 ab 22.52±0.21 a 95.41±0.26 ab
方差分析ANOVA
年度Season (S) * NS ** *
氮肥Nitrogen (N) ** ** ** NS
年度×氮肥 S×N ** ** NS NS

图3

土壤养分含量相关性分析 RY: 水稻产量; AN: 碱解氮; MN: 矿质氮; AK: 速效钾; AP: 速效磷; TOC: 土壤有机碳。"

表3

不同处理对2019年水稻农艺性状的影响"

处理
Treatment		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 单株鲜重
Plant fresh weight
(g)		 根茬鲜重
Root fresh weight
(g)		 根长
Root length
(cm)		 地上/地下部分
Aboveground/ underground		 草谷比
Straw/grain
CK 112.30±0.90 c 106.97±0.77 c 52.93±1.59 c 20.45±0.35 bc 1.02±0.07 ab 2.00±0.09 a
NPK 119.55±0.25 b 220.84±10.40 b 96.90±0.71 b 23.30±0.50 a 1.19±0.12 ab 2.15±0.26 a
GRN1 126.21±3.60 a 209.21±15.86 b 108.90±7.56 ab 17.95±1.15 c 0.92±0.01 b 1.94±0.01 a
GRN2 132.01±1.60 a 281.87±16.07 a 125.97±7.58 a 22.75±1.05 ab 1.25±0.01 a 2.04±0.06 a
GRN3 129.31±0.10 a 230.57±11.80 b 102.37±2.26 b 19.85±0.45 c 1.24±0.13 ab 1.97±0.01 a

图4

2019年水稻农艺性状相关性分析 RY: 水稻产量; PH: 株高; PFW: 单株鲜重; RFW: 根茬鲜重; RL: 根长; A/U: 地上部分/地下部分; S/G: 草谷比。"

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