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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (11): 3038-3051.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.54054

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

马铃薯茎秆、叶片原位降解过程中的微生物群落演化规律

曾豫1,2(), 郭华春1, 杨勇涛1, 王玉龙1, 何安乐1, 王琼1, 白磊1, 李俊1,*(), 张锐1,*()   

  1. 1 云南农业大学农学与生物技术学院, 云南昆明 650201
    2 华中农业大学植物科学技术学院, 湖北武汉 430070
  • 收稿日期:2025-04-28 接受日期:2025-08-13 出版日期:2025-11-12 网络出版日期:2025-08-14
  • 通讯作者: *李俊, E-mail: nxy8mm@163.com; 张锐, E-mail: 2021050@ynau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 2218764374@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1601802);国家自然科学基金地区项目(32260543);云南省科技厅基础研究专项(202301AU070118)

Microbial community succession during in situ degradation of potato stems and leaves

ZENG Yu1,2(), GUO Hua-Chun1, YANG Yong-Tao1, WANG Yu-Long1, HE An-Le1, WANG Qiong1, BAI Lei1, LI Jun1,*(), ZHANG Rui1,*()   

  1. 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
    2 College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2025-04-28 Accepted:2025-08-13 Published:2025-11-12 Published online:2025-08-14
  • Contact: *E-mail: nxy8mm@163.com; E-mail: 2021050@ynau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1601802);Regional Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260543);Basic Research Special Project of Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department(202301AU070118)

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摘要：

为探究马铃薯秸秆不同部位腐解特征、养分释放特性以及秸秆微生物群落结构变化特点, 本试验采用尼龙网袋法, 以未还田的新鲜茎秆、叶片以及整株秸秆作为对照, 分别设置马铃薯茎秆腐解处理(S)、叶片腐解处理(L)以及整株腐解处理(W); 在埋入土壤后第30、60、90和120天时进行取样, 分析不同处理的腐解特征、养分释放规律以及秸秆微生物群落结构的差异。结果表明, 茎秆、叶片、整株的累积腐解率均表现为先快后慢, 0~30 d叶片的腐解率最高, 为67.96%, 整株、茎秆的腐解率分别为52.43%和40.22%。各处理养分累积释放率均为K>P>N, 120 d时叶片N素释放率最高、茎秆P素释放率最高。此外, 各处理细菌、真菌α多样性均呈先升后降的变化趋势, 且在90 d时达到最高峰值; 其中, 细菌的优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota), 相对丰度分别为34.57%~62.44%、10.64%~33.79%; 真菌的优势菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota), 相对丰度为87.35%~99.77%。叶片、整株腐解能显著提高放线菌门相对丰度, 而茎秆腐解对厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度提升效果显著。在属水平上, 细菌的优势菌属为unclassified_f__Rhizobiaceae、德沃斯氏菌属(Devosia)、戈登氏菌属(Gordonia), 相对丰度分别为2.31%~13.57%、2.29%~10.27%、0.29%~11.07%; 真菌的优势菌属为Gibellulopsis、unclassified_f__Plectosphaerellaceae、小不整球壳属(Plectosphaerella), 相对丰度分别为10.56%~59.85%、8.29%~44.16%、8.92%~44.88%。相关性分析结果表明, 黄色类固醇杆菌属(Steroidobacter)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等细菌属与秸秆累积腐解率呈极显著正相关, 与秸秆养分呈显著负相关; 而阔足柄孢壳菌属(Zopfiella)、节丛孢属(Arthrobotrys)等真菌属与秸秆累积腐解率呈极显著正相关, 与秸秆养分呈极显著负相关。综上, 叶片在0~30 d内腐解效果最佳, 整株、茎秆在60~120 d内腐解效果较好; 各处理90 d内均能增加微生物群落丰富度、多样性以及物种数目。与细菌菌属相比, 真菌菌属在促进秸秆腐解和养分释放方面表现出更强的优势。

关键词: 马铃薯秸秆, 原位降解, 腐解率, 养分释放, 秸秆微生物群落

Abstract:

To investigate the decomposition characteristics, nutrient release patterns, and dynamics of microbial community structure across different parts of potato straw, this study employed the nylon mesh bag method. Fresh stem, leaf, and whole-plant straw (not previously returned to the field) were used as controls, with three treatments: stem decomposition (S), leaf decomposition (L), and whole-plant decomposition (W). Samples were collected at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after soil incorporation to assess differences in decomposition behavior, nutrient release, and microbial community composition under each treatment. The results showed that cumulative decomposition rates for stem, leaf, and whole-plant straw followed a rapid-then-slow pattern, with leaves exhibiting the highest decomposition rate of 67.96% during the first 30 days, compared to 52.43% and 40.22% for whole-plant and stem, respectively. The cumulative nutrient release rates across treatments followed the order K > P > N. By day 120, nitrogen release was highest from leaves, while phosphorus release was highest from stems. In terms of microbial diversity, both bacterial and fungal α-diversity showed an initial increase followed by a decline, peaking at day 90. The dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria (34.57%-62.44%) and Actinobacteriota (10.64%-33.79%), while fungal communities were dominated by Ascomycota (87.35%-99.77%). Leaf and whole-plant treatments significantly increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota, whereas stem decomposition significantly enhanced the relative abundance of Firmicutes. At the genus level, dominant bacterial genera included unclassified_f__Rhizobiaceae (2.31%-13.57%), Devosia (2.29%-10.27%), and Gordonia (0.29%-11.07%), while dominant fungal genera included Gibellulopsis (10.56%-59.85%), unclassified_f__Plectosphaerellaceae (8.29%-44.16%), and Plectosphaerella (8.92%-44.88%). Correlation analysis revealed that bacterial genera such as Steroidobacter and Bacillus were strongly positively correlated with cumulative decomposition rates but negatively correlated with residual straw nutrients. In contrast, fungal genera such as Zopfiella and Arthrobotrys were positively correlated with both decomposition rates and nutrient release. In conclusion, leaf straw decomposed most efficiently within the first 30 days, while whole-plant and stem straw showed relatively effective decomposition between 60 and 120 days. All treatments enhanced microbial richness, diversity, and species abundance within 90 days. Compared to bacterial genera, fungal genera played a more prominent role in promoting straw decomposition and nutrient release.

Key words: potato straw, in situ degradation, decomposition rate, nutrient release, microbial community of straw

图1

试验期的月平均温度和降雨量"

图2

秸秆累积腐解率变化 误差线表示3次重复的标准差。"

图3

不同处理间秸秆养分差异 同一时期不同小写字母表示处理间差异在0.05水平上差异显著。误差线表示3次重复的标准差。"

图4

微生物群落α多样性组间差异检验 S30、S60、S90和S120分别代表茎秆腐解第30、60、90和120天; L30、L60、L90和L120分别代表叶片腐解第30、60、90和120天; W30、W60、W90和W120分别代表整柱腐解第30、60、90和120天; a~e表示细菌群落α多样性组间差异检验; A~E表示真菌群落α多样性组间差异检验。a和A: ASV水平的Chao指数; b和B: ASV水平的Shannon指数; c和C: ASV水平的Simpson指数; d和D: ASV水平的Sobs指数; e和E: ASV水平的Coverage指数。数据为3个重复的平均值±标准差。此图展示所选2组样本间的显著性差异情况, 并对有显著性差异的2组进行标记(0.01 < P ≤ 0.05标记为*, 0.001 < P ≤ 0.01标记为**, P ≤ 0.001标记为***)。"

图5

秸秆细菌和真菌在ASV水平上的主坐标分析(PCoA) 图a和图b的缩写同图4。T30: 腐解第30天; T60: 腐解第60天; T90: 腐解第90天; T120: 腐解第120天。图中a、c为秸秆细菌在ASV水平上的主坐标分析; 图中b、d为秸秆真菌在ASV水平上的主坐标分析。"

图6

秸秆细菌和真菌群落ASVs数目 缩写同图4。a: 秸秆细菌群落ASVs数目; b: 秸秆真菌群落ASVs数目。"

图7

秸秆微生物群落在门水平上的分布 缩写同图4。a: 秸秆细菌群落在门水平上的分布; b: 秸秆真菌群落在门水平上的分布。"

图8

秸秆微生物群落在属水平上的分布 缩写同图4。a: 秸秆细菌群落在属水平上的分布; b: 秸秆真菌群落在属水平上的分布。"

图9

不同处理间细菌(a)、真菌(b)在属水平上的Spearman相关性热图 DR: 秸秆累积腐解率; TN: 秸秆氮含量; TP: 秸秆磷含量; TK: 秸秆钾含量。红色和蓝色分别代表正相关和负相关。*、**和***分别表示在0.05、0.01和0.001水平上显著相关。"

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