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作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (5): 1287-1299.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.32030

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

稻油系统周年产量差及形成因素探究: 以湖北省武穴市为例

曹馨元(), 杜明利, 王宇诚, 陈欣华, 陈佳欣, 凌霄霞, 黄见良, 彭少兵, 邓南燕*()   

  1. 作物遗传改良全国重点实验室 / 农业农村部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室 / 湖北洪山实验室 / 华中农业大学植物科学技术学院, 湖北武汉 430070
  • 收稿日期:2023-08-01 接受日期:2024-01-12 出版日期:2024-05-12 网络出版日期:2024-01-26
  • 通讯作者: 邓南燕, E-mail: nydeng@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: caoxinyuan@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(31901424);湖北省现代种业“揭榜挂帅”项目(Research and Development of Modernized Rice Breeding Technology and Translation of Certified Seed Selection)

Evaluation of annual yield gap and yield limiting facters in rice-rapeseed cropping system: an example from Wuxue city, Hubei province, China

CAO Xin-Yuan(), DU Ming-Li, WANG Yu-Cheng, CHEN Xin-Hua, CHEN Jia-Xin, LING Xiao-Xia, HUANG Jian-Liang, PENG Shao-Bing, DENG Nan-Yan*()   

  1. National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement / MARA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River / Hubei Hongshan Laboratory / College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2023-08-01 Accepted:2024-01-12 Published:2024-05-12 Published online:2024-01-26
  • Contact: E-mail: nydeng@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901424);Seed Industry Modernization of “Open Bidding for Selecting the Best Candidates” Program of Hubei Province(Research and Development of Modernized Rice Breeding Technology and Translation of Certified Seed Selection)

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摘要：

明确农户水平稻油系统的产量差及进一步增产的限制因素对保障我国粮油安全具有重要作用。本研究以我国典型稻油系统生产区湖北省武穴市为研究对象, 采用作物模型与田间调查相结合的方法评估了该地区稻油系统周年产量差, 并使用单因素方差分析和条件推断树综合比较了农户在土壤条件和管理措施上的差异, 以探究该地区限制稻油系统产量进一步增长的主要栽培因素及可行的增产途径, 为因地制宜地缩小产量差提供新思路。结果表明: (1) 武穴市水稻季和油菜季的潜在产量分别为11.79 t hm-2和4.43 t hm-2, 按照水稻和油菜籽粒的能量当量换算系统周年能量后, 稻油系统的最高周年潜在能量为284 GJ hm-2。水稻季和油菜季的平均实际产量分别为8.11 t hm-2和1.82 t hm-2, 系统平均实际周年能量为165 GJ hm-2。该地区稻油系统的平均周年相对产量差(产量差与潜在产量的比值)为42%, 其中油菜季(59%)比水稻季(31%)具有更大的产量提升空间。相较于湖北省和长江流域的平均水平, 武穴市稻油系统周年潜在能量相近, 而周年实际能量分别低13%和5%, 导致该地区的产量差相对较大, 其中分别有83%和61%的农户相对产量差大于湖北省和长江流域平均水平。(2) 该地区周年产量较低的农户具有以下主要特征: 土壤为沙壤土, 耕层较浅; 水稻季虫草害防治效果差, 水稻季肥料做底肥一次施用且轻施氮、钾肥; 油菜季重施肥料, 且油菜机收损失较大。(3) 武穴市89%的农户选择种植常规稻品种黄华占, 其实际产量已达到该品种潜在产量的90%左右; 种植油菜品种的种类较多且产量差异较大。综上, 武穴市稻油系统仍具有较大的增产空间; 缩小当地稻油系统产量差的技术措施包括: 适当深耕提高土壤生产力; 油菜季选择当地适宜的高产油菜品种; 水稻季加强推广高产优质杂交稻品种, 重点关注增加水稻用种量, 提高直播密度和播种时的封闭除草, 系统周年施肥管理上应降低油菜季而提高水稻季的肥料用量, 水稻季仅施底肥的农户适当增施追肥等。

关键词: 产量差, 田间调查, 稻油系统, 作物模型, 管理措施

Abstract:

To ensure national food and edible oil security, it is important to identify the yield gap and yield-limiting factors of rice-rapeseed cropping system at farmer level. In this study, Wuxue city, Hubei province, a typical rice-rapeseed cropping system production area in China was selected for the research. The annual system yield gap was evaluated by a mixed approach of crop modeling and field investigation. Comparisons were conducted among smallholders in terms of soil conditions and management practices by the methods of one-way ANOVA and conditional inference tree. The objective of this study is to identify the crucial yield-limiting factors for smallholders, to explore practical strategies to further increase system yield, and to provide innovative insight into how to adapt specific strategies to close the yield gap based on local conditions. The results showed as follows: (1) The potential yields of rice and rapeseed seasons in Wuxue were 11.79 t hm-2 and 4.43 t hm-2, respectively, and the maximum annual system potential energy was 284 GJ hm-2 based on the equivalent energy of rice and rapeseed. The actual yields for rice and rapeseed seasons were 8.11 t hm-2 and 1.82 t hm-2, respectively, and the average annual actual system energy was 165 GJ hm-2. The average annual relative yield gap (the ratio of yield gap to potential yield) was 42%, and rapeseed (59%) had a greater space for yield increase than rice (31%) within the system. Compared with the average yields of Hubei province and Yangtze River Valley (YRV), the annual potential yield in Wuxue was similar, while the annual actual yield was 13% and 5% lower, respectively, resulting in a relatively large system yield gap in Wuxue. Specifically, approximately 83% and 61% of smallholders in Wuxue had larger relative yield gaps than the average levels in Hubei and the YRV, respectively. (2) Smallholders with relative low system yields presented the following characteristics: sandy-loam soil and low plowing depths, severe weed and pest damage, all fertilizers were applied as basal fertilizer in rice season, low annual fertilization input in rice season and high input in rapeseed season, and high rapeseed mechanical harvesting damage. (3) Most (89%) of smallholders in Wuxue planted the conventional rice Huanghuazhan, which has reached approximately 90% of its potential yield. In addition, rapeseed yield varied among different varieties. In conclusion, the rice-rapeseed system in Wuxue still had a large space for increasing production. The technical measures to reduce the yield gap of the local rice-rapeseed system including: appropriate deep plowing to increase soil production capacity, choosing suitable rapeseed high-yielding varieties in the rapeseed season. For rice season promoting hybrid rice varieties with high potential yield and good quality, increasing planting density, and strengthening weed control at sowing stage in rice season, and emphasizing topdressing in which only basal fertilizer is applied in rice season. Moreover, for the whole seoson fertilizer management it is important for local smallholders to reduce the amount in rapeseed season and increase the amount in rice season.

Key words: yield gap, field investigation, rice-rapeseed cropping system, crop modeling, management practices

附表1

ORYZA和CROPGRO-Canola主要校正的模型参数及定义"

模型
Model		 参数
Parameter		 定义
Definition
ORYZA DVRJ 幼苗期生长发育速率(℃ d-1) Development rate in juvenile phase (℃ d-1)
DVRI 光合敏感期生长发育速率(℃ d-1) Development rate in photoperiod-sensitive phase (℃ d-1)
DVRP 穗分化期生长发育速率(℃ d-1) Development rate in panicle development (℃ d-1)
DVRR 生殖生长期生长发育速率(℃ d-1) Development rate in reproductive phase (℃ d-1)
CROPGRO-
Canlo		 EM-FL 萌发到始花的光热时间(℃ d)
Photothermal days between plant emergence and flower appearance (℃ d)
FL-SH 始花到第一个荚形成的光热时间(℃ d) Photothermal days between first flower and first pod (℃ d)
FL-SD 始花到第一个籽粒形成的光热时间(℃ d) Photothermal days between first flower and first seed (℃ d)
SD-PM 第一个籽粒形成到生理成熟的光热时间(℃ d)
Photothermal days between first seed and physiological maturity (℃ d)
FL-LF 始花到叶片面积停止扩大的光热时间(℃ d)
Photothermal days first flower and end of leaf expansion (℃ d)
LFMAX 30℃、350 vpm CO2和高光照条件下的叶片最大光合速率(mg CO2 m-2 s-1)
Maximum leaf photosynthesis rate at 30℃, 350 vpm CO2, and high light (mg CO2 m-2 s-1)
SLAVR 标准生长条件下的特定品种比叶面积(cm2 g-1)
Specific leaf area of cultivar under standard growth conditions (cm2 g-1)
SIZIF 最大全叶面积(三片叶)(cm2) Maximum size of full leaf (cm2)
XFRT 每日光合产物分配给种子+荚的最大比例
Maximum fraction of daily growth that is partitioned to seed and shell
WTPSD 最大粒重(g) Maximum weight per seed (g)
SFDUR 标准生长条件下籽粒灌浆持续的光热时间(℃ d)
Seed filling duration for pod cohort at standard growth conditions (℃ d)
SDPDV 标准生长条件下每个荚的籽粒数(pod-1) Average seed per pod under standard growing conditions (pod-1)
PODUR 最佳生长条件下达到籽粒完成灌浆的光热时间(℃ d)
Photothermal days required to reach the final pod load under optimal (℃ d)
THRSH 成熟期时籽粒占籽粒+荚重量的最大比例 The maximum ratio of (seed/(seed+shell)) at maturity
FRSTMF 最后一片叶子伸展后分配给茎的养分比例
The increased partitioning weight which is allocated to stem when the maximum V-stage occurs
FRLFF 最后一片叶子伸展后分配给叶的养分比例
The increased partitioning weight which is allocated to leaf when the maximum V-stage occurs
FREEZ1 叶片生长的最低温度(℃) Temperature thresholds for leaf growth due to freezing (℃)
FREEZ2 叶片存活的最低温度(℃) Temperature thresholds for leaf survival due to freezing (℃)
YLEAF 在各XLEAF时期营养分配给叶的比例 Daily dry matter partitioning to leaf in each XLEAF
YSTEM 在各XLEAF时期营养分配给茎的比例 Daily dry matter partitioning to stem in each XLEAF

附表2

校正后的ORYZA模型参数"

参数
Parameter		 隆两优华占
Longliangyouhuazhan		 黄华占
Huanghuazhan
DVRJ 0.000,569,905 0.000,765,9
DVRI 0.000,757,60 0.000,807,6
DVRP 0.000,680,80 0.000,769,8
DVRR 0.001,442,43 0.001,684,2

附表3

校正后的CROPGRO-Canola模型参数"

参数
Parameter		 华油杂62
Huayouza 62		 参数
Parameter		 华油杂62
Huayouza 62
CSDL 23.73 SIZLF 97.01
PPSEN -0.019 WTPSD 0.008
EM-FL 42.83 SFDUR 27.61
FL-SH 6.85 SDPDV 25.41
FL-SD 10.82 PODUR 5.17
SD-PM 31.44 THRSH 53.93
FL-LF 2.062 FRLFF 0.22
LFMAX 2.000 FRSTMF 0.70
SLAVR 256.3

附图1

模型校正和验证的结果 模型校正的模拟值与实测值在生物量(a)、生育期(b)和产量(c)上的比较, 验证的模拟值与实测值在生物量(d)、生育期(e)和产量(f)上的比较。决定系数(R2)越接近于1, RMSE (均方根误差)和nRMSE (归一化均方根误差)越小, 则表明模型的模拟表现越好。LLYHZ, 杂交稻品种隆两优华占; HHZ, 常规稻品种黄华占; HYZ62, 油菜品种华油杂62。"

图1

不同播期下的水稻季(a、e)、油菜季(b、f)及稻油系统(c、d、g、h)潜在产量及生育期 (a、e): LLYHZ和HHZ分别为杂交稻品种隆两优华占和常规稻品种黄华占; (b、f): Yp和Yw分别表示灌溉和雨养潜在产量; (c、d、g、h): LLYHZ-HYZ62为系统1、HHZ-HYZ62为系统2。误差线表示2011-2022年产量均值的标准差。"

图2

湖北省武穴市稻油系统生产现状调查地点分布 地图来源于湖北省地理信息公共服务平台(https://hubei.tianditu. gov.cn/standardMap), 审图号: 鄂S (2023)009号。"

图3

武穴市稻油系统的潜在产量、实际产量和相对产量差的分布情况 (a): 水稻品种隆两优华占(LLYHZ)和黄华占(HHZ)的潜在产量(Yp)和实际产量(Ya); (b): 系统1和2的油菜品种华油杂62 (HYZ62)的Yp和Ya; (c): 系统1 (system1, LLYHZ-HYZ62)和系统2 (system2, HHZ-HYZ62)的Yp和Ya; (d): 水稻、油菜及系统的相对产量差, 即产量差占Yp的比例。红色菱形和黄色三角形分别表示湖北和长江流域的平均产量水平[6]。箱线图的上下边缘值分别表示95%和5%分位数, 箱的上下边界分别表示75%和25%分位数, 箱内部的实线为中位数, 虚线为平均值, 黑色点表示离群值。"

图4

不同土壤条件和管理措施下的水稻季、油菜季和稻油系统的产量比较 水稻品种中Hybrid为杂交稻品种, Other为其他常规稻品种, HHZ为常规稻品种黄华占; 油菜品种中Other为其他品种, YG2009为阳光2009, ZY28为浙油28, H919为华919, ZS11为中双11。氮、磷、钾肥分别表示N、P2O5、K2O的施用量。不同的字母标注表示在0.05概率水平差异显著, 误差线表示均值的标准误。"

图5

水稻、油菜和稻油系统的生产决策树分析 氮、磷、钾肥用量分别表示表示纯N、P2O5、K2O施用量(kg hm-2)。每个节点内的P表示该变量二元分类出的两组数据之间置换检验的P值, n表示该变量包含的样本数。"

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