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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (6): 1618-1628.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43040

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

西北灌漠土区长期有机无机配施协同提升玉米产量和品质

郑浩飞1,2,3(), 杨楠2, 杜健1, 贾改秀1, 邹悦1, 麻文浩2, 王彦婷2, 索东让1, 赵建华3,*(), 孙宁科1,*(), 张建文1,*()   

  1. 1张掖市农业科学研究院, 甘肃张掖 734000
    2省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室/甘肃农业大学农学院, 甘肃兰州 730070
    3甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2024-08-15 接受日期:2025-03-26 出版日期:2025-06-12 网络出版日期:2025-03-31
  • 通讯作者: *张建文, E-mail: 694180381@qq.com;孙宁科, E-mail: zysnk1967@163.com;赵建华, E-mail: zhaojianhuatt@163.com;
  • 作者简介:E-mail: zhenghaofei0102@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由张掖市市级科技计划项目(ZY2022KY04)

Long-term combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers achieving high yield and high quality of maize in northwest irrigated oasis

ZHENG Hao-Fei1,2,3(), YANG Nan2, DU Jian1, JIA Gai-Xiu1, ZOU Yue1, MA Wen-Hao2, WANG Yan-Ting2, SUO Dong-Rang1, ZHAO Jian-Hua3,*(), SUN Ning-Ke1,*(), ZHANG Jian-Wen1,*()   

  1. 1Zhangye Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhangye 734000, Gansu, China
    2State Key Laboratory of Arid Habit Crop Science / College of Agriculture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    3Institute of Soil, Fertilizer and Water-Saving Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2024-08-15 Accepted:2025-03-26 Published:2025-06-12 Published online:2025-03-31
  • Contact: *E-mail: 694180381@qq.com;E-mail: zysnk1967@163.com;E-mail: zhaojianhuatt@163.com;
  • Supported by:
    the Municipal Science and Technology Plan of Zhangye(ZY2022KY04)

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摘要： 基于1982年布设在西北灌漠土区的长期定位试验, 探究长期有机无机配施对玉米产量和籽粒品质的影响。长期定位试验在甘肃省张掖市农业科学院试验站进行, 采用二因素裂区试验设计, 主因素为施用有机肥(M)和不施用有机肥(NM), 副因素为不同化肥施用, 包括不施化肥(CK)、施氮肥(N)、施氮磷肥(NP)和施氮磷钾肥(NPK), 共8个处理。2022和2023年收获期考察农艺性状并测定玉米籽粒蛋白、淀粉和脂肪含量, 计算籽粒粗蛋白产量。结果表明, M处理中玉米籽粒产量较NM显著提高11.51%~18.26%, 粗蛋白产量显著提高17.02%。在施用有机肥条件下, NP、NPK处理获得较高产量, 分别平均达到12.85 t hm-2和13.29 t hm-2, 二者间无显著差异。无论是否施用有机肥, 与CK相比, N、NP和NPK处理中产量分别平均增加17.89%、49.86%和54.44%, NP处理产量较N处理显著增加27.12%; 与CK相比, N处理中籽粒蛋白含量显著增加了12.83%, 而NP和NPK处理中籽粒蛋白含量与CK相比无显著差异; M处理中蛋白含量和淀粉含量较NM分别增加了21.88%和0.56%; 与CK相比, N、NP和NPK处理中蛋白含量分别增加29.08%、52.31%和61.84%, 玉米籽粒脂肪含量变化不显著。因此, 施用有机肥能够增加产量, 配施化学肥料(特别是氮磷肥)能在此基础上进一步提高玉米产量和籽粒品质, 促进玉米高产优质可持续发展。

关键词: 粗蛋白产量, 增施有机肥, 籽粒品质, 玉米, 绿洲灌区

Abstract:

The long-term effects of combined organic and inorganic fertilizer application on maize yield and grain quality were evaluated based on a long-term field experiment initiated in 1982 in the irrigated desert soil region of northwest China. The experiment was conducted at the Zhangye Academy of Agricultural Sciences Experimental Station in Gansu province, China, using a two-factor split-plot design. The main factor was the application of organic manure (M) versus no organic manure (NM), while the sub-factor consisted of different chemical fertilizer treatments: no chemical fertilizer (CK), nitrogen fertilizer (N), nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (NP), and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer (NPK), resulting in a total of eight treatments. Agronomic traits were assessed at harvest in 2022 and 2023, and maize grain quality parameters, including protein, starch, and fat content, were measured. Crude protein yield was also calculated. The results showed that, compared with N application alone, the addition of organic manure (M) significantly increased maize grain yield by 11.51%-18.26%, with a 17.02% increase in crude protein yield. Under M conditions, NP and NPK treatments achieved higher yields, averaging 12.85 t hm-2 and 13.29 t hm-2, respectively, with no significant difference between them. Regardless of organic manure application, N, NP, and NPK treatments increased yield by 17.89%, 49.86%, and 54.44%, respectively, compared with CK. Additionally, NP application significantly improved yield by 27.12% compared with N. The interaction between organic manure and inorganic fertilizer had a significant effect on maize grain protein content. Compared with CK, N application increased grain protein content by 12.83%, while NP and NPK showed no significant difference in protein content relative to CK. Organic manure application (M) increased protein yield by 21.88% and starch content by 0.56% compared with NM. Furthermore, compared with CK, N, NP, and NPK treatments increased protein yield by 29.08%, 52.31%, and 61.84%, respectively, but had no significant effect on maize grain fat content. In conclusion, organic manure application enhances maize yield, while inorganic fertilizer application, particularly NP, further improves both yield and grain quality. The combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers promotes high-yield, high-quality maize production and contributes to sustainable agricultural development.

Key words: crude protein yield, organic manure addition, grain quality, maize, oasis irrigated area

表1

试验处理及肥料施用量"

有机肥
Organic manure		 化肥
Fertilizer		 有机肥施用量
Organic manure application rate
(kg hm-2)		 氮肥施用量
N application rate
(kg hm-2)		 磷肥施用量
P2O5 application rate
(kg hm-2)		 钾肥施用量
K2O application rate
(kg hm-2)
不施有机肥
NM		 不施肥CK 0 0 0 0
施氮肥N 0 420 0 0
施氮磷肥NP 0 420 126 0
施氮磷钾肥NPK 0 420 126 126
施有机肥
M		 不施肥CK 30,000 0 0 0
氮肥N 30,000 420 0 0
氮磷肥NP 30,000 420 126 0
氮磷钾肥NPK 30,000 420 126 126

表2

长期有机无机配施对玉米产量影响的方差分析"

因子Factor F值F-value P值P-value
年份Year (Y) 20.51 < 0.001
有机肥Organic manure (O) 63.42 < 0.001
化肥Fertilizer (F) 137.77 < 0.001
年份×有机肥 Y×O 1.93 ns
年份×化肥 Y×F 0.16 ns
有机肥×化肥 O×F 8.62 < 0.001
年份×有机肥×化肥 Y×O×F 1.43 ns

图1

长期有机无机配施对玉米产量的影响 图中小写字母表示同一年份同一处理下不同化肥间的差异(P < 0.05), 大写字母表示同一年份不同处理间的显著差异(P < 0.05)。处理同表1。"

表3

玉米主要农艺性状和收获指数"

年份
Year		 有机肥
Organic manure		 化肥
Fertilizer		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 穗长
Spike length
(cm)		 穗粗
Spike diameter
(cm)		 秃尖长
Bald length (cm)		 穗粒数Grain number per spike 千粒重1000-seed weight
(g)		 收获指数Harvest index
2022 NM CK 176 c 13.1 c 4.29 b 1.75 a 281 c 306 b 0.56 a
N 216 b 14.9 b 4.32 b 1.53 ab 371 b 322 b 0.53 b
NP 233 a 17.3 a 4.65 a 1.01 bc 500 a 354 a 0.58 a
NPK 245 a 18.0 a 4.66 a 0.76 c 515 a 369 a 0.53 b
M CK 207 b 16.8 a 4.49 a 1.71 a 465 a 333 c 0.55 b
N 242 a 16.8 a 4.40 a 1.02 ab 493 a 353 b 0.56 b
NP 241 a 19.8 a 4.41 a 0.89 ab 551 a 355 b 0.62 a
NPK 257 a 19.3 a 4.59 a 0.72 b 565 a 370 a 0.53 b
2023 NM CK 207 b 11.5 b 4.48 b 0.59 a 239 b 232 c 0.53 a
N 211 b 11.7 b 4.37 b 0.50 a 260 b 261 b 0.52 a
NP 264 a 17.0 a 5.28 a 1.17 a 517 a 321 a 0.55 a
NPK 263 a 16.5 a 5.34 a 0.96 a 526 a 322 a 0.53 a
M CK 263 a 14.9 a 5.16 a 1.04 a 377 c 292 b 0.53 a
N 263 a 15.7 a 5.12 a 0.85 a 461 b 293 b 0.55 a
NP 259 a 15.9 a 5.36 a 0.75 a 493 ab 327 a 0.54 a
NPK 260 a 16.5 a 5.39 a 0.44 a 543 a 337 a 0.53 a
年份Year (Y) *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
有机肥Organic manure (O) *** *** *** ns *** *** **
化肥Fertilizer (F) *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Y×O ns *** *** ns ns ** *
Y×F *** ns *** *** ns *** ***
O×F *** ** *** ns *** *** **
Y×O×F * * ns * ns ns ns

表4

长期有机无机配施对玉米粗蛋白产量影响的方差分析"

因子Factor F值F-value P值P-value
年份Year (Y) 6.63 < 0.050
有机肥Organic manure (O) 15.20 < 0.001
化肥Fertilizer (F) 41.12 < 0.001
年份×有机肥Y×O 1.36 ns
年份×化肥Y×F 0.32 ns
有机肥×化肥O×F 1.91 ns
年份×有机肥×化肥Y×O×F 0.87 ns

图2

长期有机无机配施对玉米粗蛋白产量的影响 图中小写字母表示同一年份同一处理下不同化肥间的差异(P < 0.05), 大写字母表示同一年份不同处理间的显著差异(P < 0.05)。处理同表1。"

表5

长期有机无机配施对玉米籽粒品质的影响"

年份
Year		 有机肥
Organic manure		 化肥
Fertilizer		 蛋白
Protein (%)		 脂肪
Fat (%)		 淀粉
Strach (%)
2022 NM CK 5.62 a 3.52 a 67.9 a
N 6.91 a 3.68 a 66.1 a
NP 5.73 a 3.63 a 67.8 a
NPK 5.70 a 3.42 a 67.8 a
M CK 5.71 a 3.30 a 68.1 a
N 5.84 a 3.65 a 67.8 a
NP 5.82 a 3.66 a 67.4 a
NPK 5.80 a 3.60 a 68.1 a
2023 NM CK 5.60 ab 3.52 a 67.4 a
N 6.89 a 3.68 a 66.1 a
NP 5.52 b 3.63 a 68.0 a
NPK 5.84 ab 3.42 a 67.6 a
M CK 5.83 ab 3.30 a 67.7 a
N 6.02 a 3.65 a 67.5 a
NP 5.61 b 3.66 a 67.9 a
NPK 5.98 ab 3.60 a 67.4 a
年份Year (Y) ns ns ns
有机肥Organic manure (O) ns ns ns
化肥Fertilizer (F) *** ns **
Y×O ns ns ns
Y×F ns ns ns
O×F ** ns *
Y×O×F ns ns ns

图3

不同施肥处理下玉米产量和品质指标的主成分分析 处理同表1。Yield: 产量; CPY: 粗蛋白产量; H: 株高; EL: 穗长; ED: 穗粗; BL: 秃尖长; GN: 穗粒数; TW: 千粒重; Strach: 淀粉; HI: 收获指数; Fat: 脂肪; PC: 主成分。"

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