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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (11): 1694-1703.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01694

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

水氮耦合对地膜玉米免耕轮作小麦干物质积累及产量的影响

赵财,王巧梅,郭瑶,殷文,樊志龙,胡发龙,于爱忠,柴强()   

  1. 甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室 / 甘肃农业大学农学院, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2018-02-06 接受日期:2018-07-20 出版日期:2018-11-12 网络出版日期:2018-08-08
  • 通讯作者: 柴强
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家公益性行业(农业)科研项目(201503125-3)

Effects of Water-Nitrogen Coupling Patterns on Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield of Wheat under No-tillage with Previous Plastic Mulched Maize

Cai ZHAO,Qiao-Mei WANG,Yao GUO,Wen YIN,Zhi-Long FAN,Fa-Long HU,Ai-Zhong YU,Qiang CHAI()   

  1. Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science / College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2018-02-06 Accepted:2018-07-20 Published:2018-11-12 Published online:2018-08-08
  • Contact: Qiang CHAI
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the China Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201503125-3)

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摘要：

前茬地膜玉米免耕种植后茬小麦水氮高效利用生产技术是绿洲灌区作物高效生产的新型农田管理技术。为构建该区地膜减量和水氮高效生产技术, 2015—2017年通过3年田间试验, 研究两种耕作方式、2种灌水水平和3个施氮量组合对小麦干物质积累和产量及产量构成的协同效应, 其中耕作方式为覆膜玉米茬免耕直播(NT)和玉米茬传统耕作(CT), 灌水量为传统灌水(I2)和传统灌水减量20% (I1), 施氮量为纯N 225 kg hm -2 (N3)、180 kg hm -2 (N2)和135 kg hm -2 (N1)。结果表明, 耕作方式、灌水水平、施氮量对小麦群体生长速率、干物质积累量均有显著影响。与CT相比, NT显著增大全生育期生长速率, 提高22.0%~28.0%, NT促进小麦地上干物质积累, 提高6.4%~7.4%, 收获期生物产量提高5.4%~15.1%。免耕低灌(NTI1)较传统耕作高灌(CTI2)的生长速率增大7.7%~13.4%, 干物质积累量提高3.1%~5.9%, 收获期生物产量提高8.7%~10.5%。免耕低灌中施氮(NTI1N2)较传统耕作高灌中、高施氮(CTI2N2、CTI2N3) 生长速率分别增大6.9%~20.5%与4.1%~14.0%, 收获期生物产量分别提高7.8%~9.7%与4.8%~10.2%。NT比CT增产10.1%~10.4%, NTI1较CTI2、CTI1分别增产13.0%~14.8%与9.4%~10.1%, NTI1N2比CTI2N2、CTI2N3分别增产3.7%~9.8%与15.2%~22.0%。从产量构成因素分析, NTI1N2提高了单位面积成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重, NTI1N2处理组合更有利于穗数、千粒重的增加。通径分析进一步证明, NTI1N2增产的主要原因是增加了单位面积穗数和千粒重。因此, 在施氮量为180 kg hm -2的基础上, 玉米茬地膜再利用免耕技术组装减少20%灌溉量(1920 m 3 hm -2)轮作小麦模式是河西灌区小麦高效生产的可行措施。

关键词: 春小麦, 水氮耦合, 耕作措施, 干物质积累, 作物生产力

Abstract:

The high-efficient utilization of water and nitrogen in wheat production under no tillage with previous plastic mulched maize is a new field management technology in oasis irrigation areas. In order to construct the efficient production technology of water and nitrogen in this area, a three-year field experiment was conducted in 2015 to 2017 to determine synergetic effect on dry matter accumulation, yield and its components under two kinds of tillage practices for previous plastic mulched maize (no tillage with plastic mulching, NT; conventional tillage with plastic mulching, CT), two irrigation levels (conventional irrigation, I2; reduced 20% irrigation, I1) and three nitrogen levels (225 kg ha -1, N3; 180 kg ha -1, N2; 135 kg ha -1, N1). The tillage practices, irrigation and nitrogen application had significant effect on crop growth rate and dry matter accumulation of wheat. Compared with CT practice, NT significantly increased crop growth rate and dry matter accumulation of wheat by 22.0% to 28.0% and 6.4% to 7.4%, respectively, during the entire growth period; and improved biomass yield at harvesting stage by 5.4% to 15.1%. Similarly, no tillage with low irrigation (NTI1) increased crop growth rate and dry matter accumulation of wheat by 7.7% to 13.4% and 3.1 to 5.9%, respectively, during the entire growth period, and improved biomass yield at harvesting stage by 8.7% to 10.5%, as compared with conventional tillage with high irrigation (CTI2). No tillage with low irrigation and moderate nitrogen application (NTI1N2) improved crop growth rate by 6.9% to 20.5% and 4.1% to 14.0%, and enhanced biomass yield at harvesting stage by 7.8% to 9.7% and 4.8% to 10.2%, respectively, in comparison to conventional tillage with high irrigation and moderate, high nitrogen (CTI2N2, CTI2N3). Thus, NT practice had greater grain yield of 10.1% to 10.4% more than CT, NTI1 boosted grain yield by 13.0% to 14.8% and 9.4% to 10.1% over CTI2 and CTI1 patterns, respectively. NTI1N2 enhanced grain yield by 3.7% to 9.8% and 15.2% to 22.0%, in comparison to CTI2N2 and CTI2N3 treatments, respectively. In addition, the NTI1N2 treatment significantly increased spike number (SN), kernel number per spike (KNS) and thousand-kernel weight (TKW), and especially SN and TKW of the NTI1N2 treatment were higher than these of other treatments. The path analysis further confirmed that the increase of SN and TKW was the main reason for boosting grain yield of wheat under NTI1N2 treatment. Therefore, the model under no-tillage and previous plastic mulched maize combined with low irrigation (1920 m 3 ha -1) and moderate nitrogen (180 kg ha -1) is feasible for high-efficient production of wheat in an arid oasis irrigation area.

Key words: spring wheat, water-nitrogen coupling, tillage practice, dry matter accumulation, crop productivity

图1

不同耕作措施及水氮耦合模式下小麦干物质积累动态NT: 免耕地膜两年利用; CT: 传统耕作; I2: 传统灌水(2400 m3 hm-2); I1: 传统灌水减量20% (1920 m3 hm-2); N3: 传统施氮(225 kg hm-2); N2: 传统施氮减量20% (180 kg hm-2); 传统施氮减量40% (135 kg hm-2)。误差线表示标准差(n = 3)。"

表1

不同耕作措施及水氮耦合模式下不同生育阶段小麦群体生长速率"

耕作措施
Tillage practice		 灌水水平
Irrigation
level		 施氮水平
Fertilizer
level		 苗期-拔节期
Seedling to
jointing		 拔节-孕穗期
Jointing to booting		 孕穗-灌浆初期
Booting to early-filling		 灌浆初期-中期
Early-filling to mid-filling		 灌浆中期-收获期
Mid-filling to
harvesting
2016
NT I2 N3 151 b 380 a 269 g 393 a 170 d
N2 140 cd 349 b 287 f 387 a 105 f
N1 135 d 264 e 368 cd 241 c 196 c
I1 N3 193 a 302 cd 406 b 213 e 230 b
N2 156 b 279 de 352 d 302 b 253 a
N1 144 c 226 g 409 b 298 b 87 g
CT I2 N3 148 bc 314 c 353 d 230 cd 143 e
N2 130 d 296 d 319 e 223 d 232 b
N1 136 d 280 de 314 e 183 f 139 e
I1 N3 109 e 270 e 425 a 200 e 81 h
N2 110 e 271 e 358 d 217 de 103 f
N1 102 f 244 f 383 c 208 e 78 h
2017
NT I2 N3 112 a 297 bc 353 de 335 b 194 c
N2 97 b 337 a 346 e 384 a 184 d
N1 81 ef 299 bc 357 de 306 c 167 e
I1 N3 84 cde 327 a 378 d 347 b 206 b
N2 87 cd 281 de 426 c 305 c 219 a
N1 91 c 224 f 475 a 316 c 195 c
CT I2 N3 99 b 304 b 342 ef 244 f 209 b
N2 85 cd 298 bc 337 ef 308 c 222 a
N1 86 cd 295 c 331 f 276 d 160 f
I1 N3 74 f 309 b 449 b 273 de 183 d
N2 88 cd 277 e 463 ab 313 c 198 bc
N1 54 g 291 cd 446 b 254 ef 130 g
显著性值 (P)
耕作措施 Tillage practice (T) 0.002 NS NS 0.000 0.000
灌水水平 Irrigation level (I) NS 0.007 0.000 0.040 0.032
施氮量 Nitrogen level (N) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
耕作措施×灌水水平 T×I NS NS NS NS NS
耕作措施×施氮量 T×N 0.001 0.009 0.024 0.002 0.000
灌水水平×施氮量 I×N NS 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.015
耕作措施×灌水水平×施氮量 T×I×N NS 0.016 0.010 0.038 NS

表2

不同耕作措施及水氮耦合模式下小麦的产量及产量构成因素"

耕作措施
Tillage practice		 灌水水平
Irrigation level		 施氮水平
Nitrogen level		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 产量构成因素 Yield component
穗数 SN
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
KNS		 千粒重TKW (g)
2016
NT I2 N3 8734 abc 811.1 c 45.8 b 46.0 de
N2 8979 ab 852.8 b 46.1 b 51.1 ab
N1 7908 def 783.3 e 45.2 b 44.7 de
I1 N3 9133 a 875.0 a 49.7 a 51.9 a
N2 9046 ab 861.1 ab 50.2 a 50.4 abc
N1 8553 abcd 805.6 cd 45.5 b 47.1 cd
CT I2 N3 7416 ef 722.2 g 44.3 b 45.8 de
N2 8731 abc 794.4 de 43.1 bc 46.3 de
N1 7132 f 706.9 h 39.7 c 42.9 e
I1 N3 8227 cde 798.6 cde 44.9 b 48.2 bcd
N2 8189 cde 758.3 f 44.6 b 47.6 bcd
N1 7866 def 729.2g 43.0 bc 45.0 de
2017
NT I2 N3 8485 b 783 cde 41.3 abc 45.0 cde
N2 9148 a 840 ab 44.3 a 49.2 a
N1 7667 e 755 de 40.2 abc 42.8 def
I1 N3 8927 a 846 ab 43.6 ab 47.4 abc
N2 8851 a 859 a 44.7 a 48.8 ab
N1 7863 de 774 cde 42.2 ab 45.7 bcd
CT I2 N3 7685 e 745 e 40.3 abc 42.3 def
N2 8062 cd 739 ef 41.4 abc 44.4 cde
N1 6945 f 693 f 37.5 c 40.5 f
I1 N3 8238 bc 809 abc 41.9 abc 45.1 cd
N2 8141 cd 806 bcd 41.2 ac 47.1 abc
N1 7060 f 764 cde 39.0 bc 41.6 ef
显著性值 (P)
耕作措施 Tillage practice (T) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
灌水水平 Irrigation level (I) 0.000 0.013 0.000 0.004
施氮量 Nitrogen level (N) 0.000 0.002 0.003 0.000
耕作措施×灌水水平 T×I NS NS NS NS
耕作措施×施氮量 T×N NS NS NS NS
灌水水平×施氮量 I×N 0.000 NS NS 0.003
耕作措施×灌水水平×施氮量 T×I×N NS NS NS NS

表3

不同处理小麦籽粒产量与产量因素的相关系数和通径系数"

年份
Year		 指标
Parameter		 与籽粒产量的简单相关系数
Correlation coefficient with yield		 直接通径系数
Direct path coefficient		 间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient
穗数 SN 穗粒数 KSN 千粒重 TKW
2016 穗数 SN 0.764** 0.551** — -0.112 0.325
穗粒数KNS 0.391* -0.163 0.381 — 0.173
千粒重TKW 0.781** 0.428** 0.419 -0.066 —
2017 穗数 SN 0.747** 0.336* — 0.076 0.335
穗粒数KNS 0.635** 0.112 0.228 — 0.296
千粒重TKW 0.786** 0.488** 0.231 0.068 —
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