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作物学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (02): 259-268.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.92013

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

秸秆还田与化肥配施对汉中盆地稻麦轮作农田土壤固碳及经济效益的影响

吴玉红1,郝兴顺1,*(),田霄鸿2,陈浩1,张春辉1,崔月贞1,秦宇航1   

  1. 1 汉中市农业科学研究所, 陕西汉中 723000
    2 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 陕西杨凌 721000
  • 收稿日期:2019-03-19 接受日期:2019-09-26 出版日期:2020-02-12 网络出版日期:2019-10-15
  • 通讯作者: 郝兴顺
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 382755569@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由陕西省科技统筹创新工程计划项目(2015KTCL02-21);陕西省农业科技创新转化项目资助(NYKJ-2018-HZ01)

Effect of straw returning combined with NPK fertilization on soil carbon sequestration and economic benefits under rice-wheat rotation in Hanzhong basin

WU Yu-Hong1,HAO Xing-Shun1,*(),TIAN Xiao-Hong2,CHEN Hao1,ZHANG Chun-Hui1,CUI Yue-Zhen1,QIN Yu-Hang1   

  1. 1 Hanzhong Agricultural Research Institute, Hanzhong 723000, Shaanxi, China
    2 College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2019-03-19 Accepted:2019-09-26 Published:2020-02-12 Published online:2019-10-15
  • Contact: Xing-Shun HAO
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Innovation Project of Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province(2015KTCL02-21);the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation and Transformation Project of Shaanxi Province(NYKJ-2018-HZ01)

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摘要：

为汉中盆地秸秆还田技术和合理化肥减量技术提供科学依据, 2015—2017年小麦和水稻生长季, 设置秸秆不还田+常规施肥(SN+NPK); 秸秆常规还田+常规施肥(S+NPK); 秸秆促腐还田+常规施肥(SD+NPK); 秸秆促腐还田+化肥减量15% (SD+85%NPK); 秸秆促腐还田+化肥减量30% (SD+70%NPK), 共5个处理, 研究其对土壤总有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳(LOC)、碳储量(SCS)、作物产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明与秸秆不还田配施常规施肥处理(SN+NPK)相比, 秸秆还田配施不同比例化肥处理显著提高了稻田0~15 cm土层的TOC和LOC, 增幅分别为3.62%~25.07%和23.01%~46.79%; S+NPK和SD+NPK处理提高了0~30 cm碳储量, 增幅分别为4.67%和18.20%。而SD+85%NPK和 SD+70%NPK分别降低8.31%和9.83%。S+NPK和SD+NPK处理显著增加了小麦和水稻籽粒产量, 而SD+85%NPK和SD+70%NPK处理均降低了小麦和水稻产量, 周年产量2年平均增幅分别为3.47%、8.70%、-3.65%、-8.12%。与SN+NPK处理相比, S+NPK、SD+NPK、SD+85%NPK、SD+70%NPK处理周年经济效益2年平均增幅分别为16.91%、23.56%、6.02%、1.06%。土壤有机碳、作物产量和经济效益SD+NPK处理的最高, S+NPK 处理次之, SD+70%NPK处理最低, 与之相比, SD+85%NPK处理在小麦和水稻两季共减少化肥80 kg hm -2, 作物周年产量降低不明显, 经济效益略有增加。秸秆还田与常规化肥配施是提高汉中盆地稻麦轮作体系农田固碳、产量及经济效益的最佳措施, 两季作物全量还田条件下化肥用量减少15%是适宜该区域的绿色生产模式。

关键词: 稻麦轮作, 秸秆还田, 化肥减量, 土壤有机碳, 周年生产力

Abstract:

A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the response of soil carbon sequestration, crop yield and economic benefit to rates of NPK application and straw returning under rice-wheat rotation from 2015 to 2017. The experiment included five treatments: application of NPK without straw returning (SN+NPK), application of NPK with straw returning (S+NPK), application of NPK with decayed straw returning (SD+NPK), application of NPK with 15% reduction plus decayed straw returning (SD+85%NPK) and application of NPK with 15% reduction plus decayed straw returning (SD+70%NPK). Compared with SN+NPK, total organic carbon (TOC) and active organic carbon (LOC) in 0-15 cm depth increased by 3.62%-25.07% and 23.01%-46.79% in the treatments of straw returning plus different returned NPK application, respectively. Both S+NPK and SD+NPK treatments increased organic carbon storage (SCS) in 0-30 cm soil layer by 4.67% and 18.20%, but SD+85%NPK and SD+70%NPK decreased the SCS by 8.31% and 9.83%, respectively. Compared with SN+NPK, both S+NPK and SD+NPK increased grain yields for wheat and rice. However, SD+85%NPK and SD+70%NPK treatments significantly reduced grain yields for wheat and rice. Compared with SN+NPK treatment, the increase in annual average yield was 3.47% for S+NPK, 8.70% for SD+NPK, -3.65% for SD+85%NPK, and -8.12% for SD+70%NPK, while the increase of annual net profit in two years was 16.91%, 23.56%, 6.02%, and 1.06%, respectively. Soil organic carbon, crop yield and efficiency were the highest in the SD+NPK treatment, but lowest in SD+70%NPK. Compared with SD+70%NPK treatment, SD+85%NPK did not affect the annual average yield, but slightly increased the annual net profit due to a cost reduction caused by less fertilizer application with a total reduction of 80 kg ha -1. In conclusion, the combination of straw returning with NPK fertilization is an effective farming practice to improve soil carbon sequestration, crop yield and economic benefits in Hanzhong basin. Considering the environment and economic effects, decayed straw returning with 15% reduction in NPK application is more suitable to achieve the fertilizer reduction and green production.

Key words: rice-wheat rotation, straw return, fertilizer reduction, soil organic carbon, annual productivity

表1

小麦、水稻秸秆还田方式及田间操作"

秸秆类型
Straw type		 还田方式
Returning method		 田间操作
Field operation
小麦秸秆
Wheat straw		 不还田
No straw returning (SN)		 小麦秸秆不还田
Wheat straws removed
常规还田
Straw returning (S)		 小麦秸秆全量旋耕还田
All wheat straws returned with rotary tillage
促腐还田
Decayed straw returning (SD)		 小麦秸秆添加腐熟剂全量旋耕还田
All wheat straws returned and applied straw compositing agents with rotary tillage
水稻秸秆
Rice straw		 不还田
No straw returning (SN)		 水稻秸秆不还田
Ricet straws removed
常规还田
Straw returning (S)		 水稻秸秆全量旋耕还田
All rice straws returned with rotary tillage
促腐还田
Decayed straw returning (SD)		 水稻秸秆添加腐熟剂全量旋耕还田
All rice straws returned and applied straw compositing agents with rotary tillage

表2

不同秸秆还田下的土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量"

处理
Treatment		 0-15 cm 15-30 cm
土壤有机碳
TOC (g kg-1)		 土壤活性有机碳
LOC (g kg-1)		 土壤有机碳
TOC (g kg-1)		 土壤活性有机碳
LOC (g kg-1)
SN+NPK 10.49 e 2.65 e 5.51 c 2.08 c
S+NPK 12.25 b 3.82 b 5.85 b 2.51 b
SD+NPK 13.12 a 3.89 a 6.53 a 2.95 a
SD+85%NPK 11.87 c 3.67 c 4.87 d 1.59 d
SD+70%NPK 10.87 d 3.26 d 4.74 d 1.50 e

表3

不同秸秆还田处理对土壤碳储量及碳库管理指数的影响"

处理
Treatment		 0-15 cm 15-30 cm 0-30 cm
容重
Soil bulk
density
(g cm-3)		 碳储量
SCS
(×103 kg hm-2)		 碳库管理
指数
CPMI		 容重
Soil bulk
density
(g cm-3)		 碳储量
SCS
(×103 kg hm-2)		 碳库管理
指数
CPMI		 碳储量
SCS
(×103 kg hm-2)
SN+NPK 1.39 21.71 c 100.00 e 1.74 14.38 b 100.00 c 36.20
S+NPK 1.27 23.33 b 152.49 b 1.67 14.61 b 131.36 b 37.89
SD+NPK 1.31 25.98 a 164.07 a 1.73 16.95 a 161.00 a 42.79
SD+85%NPK 1.19 21.08 d 148.37 c 1.64 11.94 c 70.29 d 33.19
SD+70%NPK 1.28 20.86 d 131.47 d 1.66 11.77 c 65.63 e 32.64

表4

不同秸秆还田下小麦和水稻籽粒产量、秸秆还田量及周年产量"

处理
Treatment		 2016年作物籽粒产量
Crop yield in 2016
(kg hm-2)		 2016年地上部分秸秆还田量
Rrate of straw returned to the field in 2016 (kg hm-2)		 2017年作物籽粒产量
Crop yield in 2017
(kg hm-2)		 2017年地上部分秸秆还田量
Rate of straw returned to the field in 2017 (kg hm-2)		 周年产量
Two seasons yield
(kg hm-2)
小麦
Wheat yield		 水稻
Rice yield		 水稻秸秆
Rice straw		 小麦秸秆Wheat straw 小麦
Wheat yield		 水稻
Rice yield		 水稻秸秆
Rice straw		 小麦秸秆
Wheat straw		 2015-2016 2016-2017
SN+NPK 3900.0 a 9248.4 ab 0 0 5550.0 b 9062.4 a 0 0 13148.4 a 14612.4 b
S+NPK 4291.7 a 9288.5 ab 9288.5 4720.9 5866.5 b 9280.2 a 9280.2 6453.2 13580.1 a 15146.7 ab
SD+NPK 4008.3 a 9923.1 a 9923.1 4409.1 6817.5 a 9467.6 a 9467.6 7499.3 13931.4 a 16285.1 a
SD+85%NPK 3394.5 b 8955.2 b 8955.2 3733.9 5500.5 b 8932.5 a 8932.5 6050.6 12349.7 b 14433.0 b
SD+70%NPK 3191.7 b 8644.5 b 8644.5 3510.8 4950.0 c 8746.4 b 8746.4 5445.0 11836.2 c 13696.4 c

表5

稻麦轮作体系下不同秸秆还田处理对周年经济效益的影响"

处理
Treatment		 肥料成本
Fertilizer cost		 腐秆剂成本
Straw-decomposing inoculant cost		 秸秆处理劳动力成本
Labor cost of straw treatment		 其他成本
Other costs		 产值Output value 净收益Net income
2015-2016 2016-2017 2015-2016 2016-2017
SN+NPK 4202.85 0 3000 8400 35155.20 39193.44 19552.35 23590.59
S+NPK 4202.85 0 450 8400 36019.73 40501.62 22966.88 27448.77
SD+NPK 4202.85 450 450 8400 37385.07 42984.56 23882.22 29481.71
SD+85%NPK 3781.80 450 450 8400 33315.15 38691.75 20233.35 25609.95
SD+70%NPK 3360.90 450 450 8400 31997.73 37013.84 19336.83 24352.94
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