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作物学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (5): 759-771.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.93044

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

耕层构造对土壤三相比和春玉米根系形态的影响

白伟1,孙占祥1,*(),张立祯2,*(),郑家明1,冯良山1,蔡倩1,向午燕1,冯晨1,张哲1   

  1. 1辽宁省农业科学院耕作栽培研究所, 辽宁沈阳110161
    2中国农业大学资源与环境学院, 北京100193
  • 收稿日期:2019-08-05 接受日期:2019-12-26 出版日期:2020-05-12 网络出版日期:2020-01-16
  • 通讯作者: 孙占祥,张立祯
  • 作者简介:E-mail: libai200008@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由中国博士后科学基金项目(2017M620103);辽宁省“兴辽英才计划”项目(XLYC1807051);中央引导地方科技发展专项资金项目(2019040005-JH6/104);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300204);辽宁省自然科学基金计划重点项目(20180540004);辽宁省“百千万人才工程”项目项目(201746);辽宁省农业科学院学科建设计划项目(2019DD062010);农业科研杰出人才及其创新团队项目资助

Effects of plough layer construction on soil three phase rate and root morphology of spring maize in northeast China

Wei BAI1,Zhan-Xiang SUN1,*(),Li-Zhen ZHANG2,*(),Jia-Ming ZHENG1,Liang-Shan FENG1,Qian CAI1,Wu-Yan XIANG1,Chen FENG1,Zhe ZHANG1   

  1. 1Tillage and Cultivation Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China
    2College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
  • Received:2019-08-05 Accepted:2019-12-26 Published:2020-05-12 Published online:2020-01-16
  • Contact: Zhan-Xiang SUN,Li-Zhen ZHANG
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Fund(2017M620103);the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC1807051);the Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Projects(2019040005-JH6/104);the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300204);the Liaoning Natural Science Foundation Project Key Projects(20180540004);the “Liaoning Bai-Qian-Wan Talent” Program(201746);the Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences Discipline Construction Plan(2019DD062010);the Outstanding Talents in Agricultural Scientific Research and Their Team.

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摘要：

建立适宜耕层构造是解决旱作农田耕层“浅”、“实”、“少”问题的重要技术措施之一, 对北方旱作农田具有重要意义。在国家农业环境阜新科学观测实验站利用长期定位试验, 设置虚实并存耕层(furrow loose and ridge compaction plough layer, FLRC)、全虚耕层(all loose plough layer, AL)、全实耕层(all compaction plough layer, AC)、上虚下实耕层(up loose and down compaction plough layer, ULDC, CK) 4种处理, 研究耕层构造对土壤三相比和春玉米根系形态的影响。耕层构造定位试验始于2009年, 本文利用2015年和2016年数据分析果表明, 虚实并存耕层能够优化土壤三相比(P < 0.05), 春玉米播种前0~10 cm土壤三相比以全实耕层构造为宜, 10~30 cm以虚实并存和全虚耕层构造为宜; 春玉米收获后20~30 cm土壤三相比的虚实并存和全虚耕层构造优于上虚下实耕层和全实耕层构造。虚实并存耕层构造能够增加春玉米吐丝期根重密度、根长密度、根表面积密度和根体积密度(P < 0.05); 其中春玉米根重密度增幅7.47%~97.09%, 根长密度增幅6.62%~112.04%, 根表面积密度增幅9.80%~125.07%, 根体积密度增幅40.11%~151.97%。虚实并存耕层可以显著增加春玉米籽粒产量(P < 0.05), 增幅18.19%~34.86%, 主要原因是行粒数的显著提高和秃尖的降低; 还增加群体生物产量(P < 0.05), 增幅5.18%~11.30%; 和提高收获指数(P < 0.05)。综合分析认为, 虚实并存耕层是改善土壤三相结构和优化春玉米根系形态的最优耕层结构, 在辽西旱作农田合理耕层构建中具有一定的应用价值。

关键词: 耕作, 耕层构造, 土壤三相比, 春玉米, 根系形态

Abstract:

Establishing reasonable plough layer construction is regarded as one of important methods for solving some rainfed farmland problems, which is of great significance in the dryland of northern China. The experiment was conducted with four tillage treatment, including furrow loose and ridge compaction plough layer (FLRC), all loose plough layer (AL), all compaction plough layer (AC), up loose and down compaction plough layer (ULDC, CK), at Fuxin National Agricultural Environmental Science Observation Experimental Station, at which the long-term plough layer construction position fixed experiment began in 2009. The data in 2015 and 2016 showed that the FLRC treatment optimized (P < 0.05) the soil three phase rate, which in 0-10 cm soil layer was optimized by AC treatment before spring corn sowing, while in 10-30 cm soil layer was optimized by FLRC and AL treatments. After the spring corn was harvested, the soil three phase’s rate in 20-30 cm soil layer in FLRC and AL treatments was better than that in ULDC and AC treatments. Compared with the ULDC treatment, FLRC treatment increased (P < 0.05) the root weight density by 7.47%-97.09%, the root length density by 6.62%-112.04%, the root surface area density by 9.80%-125.07%, and the root bulk density by 40.11%-151.97% at silking period in spring corn. The FLRC treatment significantly increased the yield of spring maize by 18.19%-34.86% (P < 0.05) due to the significant increase in number of grains and the decrease of baldness, increased the population biomass by 5.18%-11.30% (P < 0.05), and improved the harvest index (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the furrow loose and ridge compaction plough layer is the optimal construction for improving soil three phase rate and root morphology of spring maize, with certain application value in the construction of reasonable plough layer of dry farmland in northern China.

Key words: tillage, layer construction, soil three phase rate, spring maize, root morphology

图1

试验地点2015-2016年生育期内降雨量和平均温度"

表1

耕层构造对玉米产量及构成因素的影响"

处理
Treatment		 成穗数
Ear number
(Ear hm-2)		 穗行数
Kernel-row
number per ear		 行粒数
Number of
kernels per row		 秃尖长
Bare top
length (cm)		 百粒重
100-kernel
weight (g)		 籽粒产量(14%含水量)
Yield (14% moisture
content) (kg hm-2)
2015
CK 64939.18±7734.35 a 14.13±0.60 b 24.60±1.04 b 0.53±0.11 b 28.88±0.92 a 6436.52±412.46 b
FLRC 57854.14±8309.26 a 15.20±0.33 ab 31.07±1.49 a 0.40±0.11 b 32.40±1.36 a 8630.47±304.33 a
AL 57263.75±5567.11 a 15.20±0.43 ab 29.27±1.87 a 0.77±0.15 ab 30.32±1.50 a 7600.27±756.73 ab
AC 51158.35±3577.10 a 16.00±0.28 a 32.73±1.19 a 1.00±0.22 a 32.32±0.77 a 8601.47±388.18 a
2016
CK 54256.85±11273.36 a 14.20±0.46 a 32.87±2.20 b 0.15±0.08 a 38.33±0.87 a 9140.73±267.83 b
FLRC 54744.88±2891.83 a 15.60±0.35 a 36.80±1.13 ab 0.00±0.00 a 38.05±1.94 a 11865.41±318.71 a
AL 49325.71±1472.34 a 15.87±0.24 a 37.20±0.73 a 0.13±0.08 a 37.21±1.96 a 10803.56±410.85 a
AC 50291.29±3305.79 a 14.53±0.50 a 33.13±1.53 ab 0.20±0.10 a 37.98±0.91 a 9150.67±457.96 b
P值 P-value
处理 Treatment (T) 0.549 0.004 0.002 0.087 0.500 0.000
年份 Year (Y) 0.225 0.776 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
处理×年份 T×Y 0.861 0.051 0.031 0.009 0.480 0.022

图2

耕层构造对春玉米生物产量及收获指数的影响 标以不同字母的柱值在P < 0.05水平上差异显著。处理缩写同表1。 "

表2

春玉米播种前耕层构造对土壤三相比的影响"

土层
Soil layer (cm)		 处理
Treatment		 固相
Solid phase (%)		 液相
Liquid phase (%)		 气相
Gas phase (%)		 GSSI STPSD
2015
0-10 CK 45.41±0.25 b 12.29±0.16 b 42.30±0.16 b 83.14±0.24 b 9.43±0.29 a
FLRC 42.01±0.67 c 12.17±0.73 b 45.82±1.37 a 78.68±2.61 c 9.62±1.19 a
AL 41.64±0.33 c 11.75±0.14 b 46.62±0.21 a 77.30±0.19 c 10.34±0.06 a
AC 50.06±0.25 a 14.52±0.31 a 35.42±0.55 c 91.20±0.66 a 10.58±0.11 a
10-20 CK 50.44±0.25 ab 16.35±0.60 a 33.21±0.69 b 94.23±0.89 a 9.29±0.64 a
FLRC 49.69±0.33 b 17.03±0.56 a 33.29±0.81 b 94.80±0.85 a 7.52±0.46 a
AL 46.42±0.22 c 15.58±0.62 a 38.00±0.83 a 93.95±1.17 a 4.85±1.05 b
AC 51.32±0.44 a 17.17±0.31 a 31.51±0.57 b 95.63±0.40 a 9.89±0.70 a
20-30 CK 52.08±0.87 a 19.51±0.23 a 28.42±0.67 b 98.03±0.09 a 9.39±1.69 a
FLRC 50.82±0.33 ab 19.10±0.82 a 30.08±1.05 ab 97.42±0.79 a 7.60±0.54 ab
AL 49.43±0.22 b 18.66±0.19 a 31.90±0.11 a 97.65±0.82 a 5.08±0.73 b
AC 51.32±0.22 a 20.23±0.57 a 28.45±0.70 b 98.47±0.40 a 7.73±0.39 ab
2016
0-10 CK 46.04±0.58 b 14.33±1.39 b 39.63±1.94 a 87.58±2.92 b 6.63±1.92 a
FLRC 44.28±0.25 c 14.57±0.15 b 41.15±0.13 a 86.60±0.12 b 5.59±0.32 a
AL 43.14±0.45 c 14.26±0.69 b 42.59±0.47 a 84.56±0.96 b 6.10±1.11 a
AC 50.82±0.50 a 17.26±0.50 a 31.92±0.23 b 95.57±0.46 a 8.95±1.24 a
10-20 CK 51.07±0.33 a 18.88±1.22 a 30.05±1.51 b 97.12±1.06 a 8.33±0.47 a
FLRC 47.42±0.33 b 16.63±0.91 a 35.95±1.11 a 97.49±0.39 a 3.96±1.64 b
AL 48.55±0.67 b 18.83±1.11 a 32.62±1.75 ab 96.09±1.34 a 3.04±0.73 b
AC 51.95±0.33 a 18.83±0.41 a 29.22±0.72 b 92.79±1.39 b 9.74±0.36 a
20-30 CK 53.08±0.50 a 21.06±1.37 a 25.85±1.86 a 98.53±0.68 a 10.78±0.31 a
FLRC 52.45±0.22 a 21.22±0.67 a 26.33±0.81 a 99.03±0.26 a 9.41±0.36 a
AL 52.45±0.33 a 21.16±0.27 a 27.39±0.14 a 99.09±0.12 a 7.37±0.82 b
AC 53.46±0.45 a 21.23±0.62 a 25.31±1.07 a 98.85±0.06 a 11.20±0.60 a
P值 P-value
处理 Treatment (T) 0.000 0.424 0.015 0.060 0.000
年份 Year (Y) 0.145 0.007 0.033 0.043 0.102
处理×年份 T×Y 0.923 0.920 0.922 0.896 0.376

表3

春玉米收获后耕层构造对土壤三相比的影响"

土层
Soil layer (cm)		 处理
Treatment		 固相
Solid phase (%)		 液相
Liquid phase (%)		 气相
Gas phase (%)		 GSSI STPSD
2015
0-10 CK 51.82±0.33 b 11.98±0.50 b 36.20±0.81 a 86.79±1.29 b 14.92±0.20 a
FLRC 50.31±0.55 c 12.75±0.56 ab 36.93±0.98 a 87.80±1.37 ab 12.62±0.53 b
AL 51.07±0.33 bc 14.40±0.60 a 34.53±0.91 ab 91.39±1.14 a 11.93±0.23 b
AC 53.46±0.33 a 13.52±0.38 ab 33.02±0.18 b 90.57±0.67 ab 15.56±0.68 a
10-20 CK 55.72±0.67 a 16.33±0.76 a 27.95±1.42 a 94.74±0.68 a 16.91±0.59 a
FLRC 54.34±0.44 a 15.10±0.47 a 30.56±0.81 a 93.32±0.75 a 15.65±0.47 a
AL 55.47±0.22 a 16.96±0.74 a 27.56±0.59 a 95.60±0.75 a 16.18±0.64 a
AC 54.97±0.33 a 16.66±0.46 a 28.37±0.79 a 95.37±0.51 a 15.61±0.23 a
20-30 CK 56.98±0.44 a 19.86±0.23 a 23.16±0.34 a 97.14±0.29 a 17.27±0.71 a
FLRC 55.60±0.13 c 18.96±1.64 a 25.44±1.74 a 96.77±1.03 a 15.62±0.50 a
AL 55.72±0.45 bc 20.17±0.28 a 24.11±0.19 a 97.87±0.30 a 15.22±0.80 a
AC 56.86±0.33 ab 19.71±0.48 a 23.43±0.15 a 97.15±0.34 a 17.13±0.66 a
2016
0-10 CK 52.96±0.33 b 18.89±0.15 a 28.15±0.21 a 97.66±0.13 a 11.33±0.61 b
FLRC 51.45±0.55 c 20.02±0.15 a 28.53±0.62 a 98.37±0.16 a 8.03±1.00 c
AL 52.20±0.33 bc 19.49±0.76 a 28.31±1.06 a 97.96±0.52 a 9.82±0.32 bc
AC 54.59±0.33 a 18.45±0.55 a 26.96±0.26 a 97.15±0.46 a 14.13±0.76 a
10-20 CK 56.10±0.25 a 21.77±0.38 a 22.13±0.57 a 97.98±0.16 a 15.42±0.36 a
FLRC 55.35±0.45 a 23.20±0.58 a 21.45±0.31 a 98.36±0.22 a 13.94±0.81 a
AL 55.72±0.33 a 22.47±0.89 a 21.80±1.03 a 98.07±0.24 a 14.71±0.52 a
AC 56.10±0.33 a 21.22±0.23 a 22.68±0.19 a 97.96±0.21 a 15.53±0.58 a
20-30 CK 57.61±0.25 ab 25.66±0.70 ab 16.73±0.78 a 94.78±0.72 a 17.53±0.19 a
FLRC 56.60±0.22 b 26.59±0.30 a 16.81±0.14 a 95.29±0.12 a 15.97±0.33 b
AL 56.86±0.45 b 25.30±0.74 ab 17.84±1.00 a 95.95±0.81 a 16.32±0.71 b
AC 57.99±0.33 a 23.95±0.65 b 18.06±0.95 a 95.61±0.80 a 18.14±0.50 a
P值 P-value
处理 Treatment (T) 0.095 0.808 0.893 0.528 0.009
年份 Year (Y) 0.071 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.046
处理×年份 T×Y 0.991 0.429 0.801 0.585 0.670

图3

耕层构造对春玉米根重密度的影响 标以不同字母的柱值在P < 0.05水平上差异显著。处理缩写同表1。"

图4

耕层构造对春玉米根长密度的影响 标以不同字母的柱值在P < 0.05水平上差异显著。处理缩写同表1。"

图5

耕层构造对春玉米根表面积密度的影响 标以不同字母的柱值在P < 0.05水平上差异显著。处理缩写同表1。"

图6

耕层构造对春玉米根体积密度的影响 标以不同字母的柱值在P < 0.05水平上差异显著。处理缩写同表1。"

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