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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (7): 1324-1331.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.03045

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同时期灌溉对华北平原春玉米穗粒数的影响

高震1,2, 梁效贵2, 张莉2, 赵雪2, 杜雄1, 崔彦宏1, 周顺利2,3,4,*()   

  1. 1河北农业大学农学院 / 省部共建华北作物改良与调控国家重点实验室 / 河北省作物生长调控实验室, 河北保定 071001
    2中国农业大学农学院, 北京 100193
    3农业农村部作物高效用水吴桥科学观测实验站, 河北吴桥 061802
    4河北省低平原区农业技术创新中心, 河北吴桥 061802
  • 收稿日期:2020-07-24 接受日期:2020-12-01 出版日期:2021-07-12 网络出版日期:2020-12-29
  • 通讯作者: 周顺利
  • 作者简介:E-mail: gaozhenvision@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由粮食丰产增效科技创新重点专项(2016YFD0300301), 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-13), 河北农业大学引进人才专项(YJ201827)和河北农业大学科研发展计划项目(YJ2019006)资助

Effects of irrigating at different growth stages on kernel number of spring maize in the North China Plain

GAO Zhen1,2, LIANG Xiao-Gui2, ZHANG Li2, ZHAO Xue2, DU Xiong1, CUI Yan-Hong1, ZHOU Shun-Li2,3,4,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation / Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
    2College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
    3Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop High Efficient Use of Water in Wuqiao, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuqiao 061802, Hebei, China
    4Innovation Center of Agricultural Technology for Lowland Plain of Hebei, Wuqiao 061802, Hebei, China
  • Received:2020-07-24 Accepted:2020-12-01 Published:2021-07-12 Published online:2020-12-29
  • Contact: ZHOU Shun-Li
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300301), the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-02-13), the Startup Fund from Hebei Agricultural University (YJ201827), and the Research Development Fund of Hebei Agricultural University (YJ2019006).

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摘要：

干旱胁迫是限制华北地区春玉米穗粒数形成的关键因子, 探究不同时期灌溉对穗粒数的影响, 对提高该地区春玉米产量和水分利用效率具有重要意义。在2014—2016年进行3年大田试验, 设置拔节期、大口期、抽雄期、吐丝后15 d灌水和不灌水对照(CK), 明确不同时期灌水对土壤水分变化、吐丝期穗位叶光合速率、穗粒数的影响及其相互关系。结果表明, 在干旱和关键生育时期缺水的年份, 灌水处理可以提高春玉米穗粒数, 其中花期灌水较其他处理提高了1.4%~97.0% (2014年和2015年); 而在多雨的2016年, 各个灌水处理间穗粒数差异不显著。拔节期和大口期灌水促进了春玉米营养生长, 提高了叶面积指数和生物量, 但春玉米花期遭遇干旱胁迫仍会降低穗粒数。花期灌水处理在营养生长阶段受干旱胁迫影响, 叶面积指数和生物量都降低, 但保证了吐丝—授粉—籽粒建成关键阶段有充足的水分供应, 其吐丝期光合速率较其他处理提高5.2%~32.8%。回归分析结果表明, 吐丝期充足的土壤水含量可以显著提高春玉米光合速率(P = 0.0034)和穗粒数(P = 0.0137), 但过多降水(降低光辐射)会影响光合作用及籽粒结实。因此, 花期灌水是干旱年份保证春玉米穗粒数的重要措施。

关键词: 春玉米, 穗粒数, 光合速率, 土壤含水量, 回归分析

Abstract:

Drought stress is the main limiting factor for kernel setting of spring maize in the North China plain (NCP). It is important to investigate the effects of irrigation at different growth stages on kernel number, which contributes much to improve grain yield and water use efficiency of spring maize in the NCP. A three-year field experiment was conducted from 2014 to 2016. Irrigating at V6, V12, tasseling, 15 days after silking stage, and rain-fed treatments were set to evaluate the soil water change, ear leaf photosynthesis rate, kernel number per ear and their relationships. The results indicated that irrigating could increase kernel number in dry years, and irrigating at tasseling stage increased kernel number by 1.4%-97.0% compared with other treatments in 2015 and 2016. However, there were no significant differences among each treatment in kernel number in the rainy year of 2016. Irrigating at V6 and V12 stage increased vegetative growth of spring maize, including leaf area and biomass, whereas drought stress occurring at flowering stage still reduced kernel number. In irrigating treatment at tasseling stage, vegetative growth would be inhibited by drought, thus lowing leaf area index and biomass, but ensuring water availability during silking-pollination-kernel growth stage. Moreover, irrigating at tasseling stage increased photosynthesis rate (Pn) by 5.2%-32.8% than other treatments. Regression analysis suggested that high water availability could significantly increase Pn (P = 0.0034) and kernel number (P = 0.0137), but excess rainfall (low solar radiation) had adverse effect on kernel setting. Overall, irrigating at tasseling stage in dry years was a critical management to ensure kernel number of spring maize.

Key words: spring maize, kernel number per ear, photosynthesis rate, soil water content, regression analysis

图1

2014-2016年春玉米生育期降水及温度分布 图中箭头指示吐丝期; V6、V12、R1、R6分别为拔节期、大口期、吐丝期、成熟期。"

图2

不同时期灌水处理对春玉米各个时期土壤含水量(g g-1)的影响 VS、V6、V12、R1、R6分别代表播种期、拔节期、大口期、吐丝期和成熟期; A~D为2014年, E~I为2015年, J~N为2016年; A、E、J: CK处理; B、F、K: IV6处理; G、L: IV12处理; C、H、M: IS处理; D、I、N: IS15处理。"

图3

不同时期灌水处理对春玉米穗粒数的影响 图中白色圆点为平均值; 不同字母代表处理间差异显著(P < 0.05); CK、IV6、IV12、IS、IS15分别代表不灌水对照、拔节期、大口期、吐丝期和吐丝后15 d灌水处理。"

图4

不同时期灌水处理对春玉米生物量的影响 图中不同字母代表处理间差异显著(P < 0.05); V12、R1、R6分别代表大口期、吐丝期、成熟期; CK、IV6、IV12、IS、IS15分别代表不灌水对照、拔节期、大口期、吐丝期和吐丝后15 d灌水处理。"

图5

不同时期灌水处理对吐丝期春玉米穗位叶光合速率(A)和开花吐丝间隔期(B)的影响 图中不同字母代表处理间差异显著(P < 0.05); CK、IV6、IV12、IS、IS15分别代表不灌水对照、拔节期、大口期、吐丝期和吐丝后15 d灌水处理。"

图6

吐丝期土壤含水量与光合速率及穗粒数间关系 三角形、圆形和方形分别为2014年、2015年和2016年; CK、IV6、IV12、IS、IS15分别代表不灌水对照、拔节期、大口期、吐丝期和吐丝后15 d灌水处理。"

图7

1986-2016年试验点各个月份降水分布图 图中百分数字代表各个月份降水量变异系数。"

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